Botox Essay Essay Example

Botox Essay Essay Bottom is used to get rid of wrinkles in aging adults. The main reason it was used was to help patients that had a stroke and their face muscles were drawn up. Bottom actually paralyzes the muscles instead of relaxing them. Men and woman are spending 600-1,000 bucks each time they go and have a treatment done which as to be done every couple of months. The ethical dilemma with this procedure Is people are using It to not show signs of aging when In real life people grow old and get wrinkles. They want to look young forever, and that is not the case in real life. Rich people are the only kind of people that can really afford it to be done because it cost so much to get the procedure done, but what if a person that cant afford it and really needs it done, but their insurance does not cover it? People believe that it is okay to have this procedure done to make them look younger, but others thinks its a waste of money everybody ages its a part of life that everybody will go through. We will write a custom essay sample on Botox Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Botox Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Botox Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer People miss understand that in the beginning of the treatments it was meant for people with abnormal muscle tone and stroke patients but when the wealthy found out they used it to get rid of the wrinkles. My view is simply that I am against people who want to have Bottom not all people but the rich who believe that they need to get rid of wrinkles on their face. To me wrinkles are a part of life that Is the way god had Intended us to look when we aged. Problems associated with the issue would be Its costly, you have to have done way too often, and it was intended to help the sick people who actually really need. I believe when the rich found out they raised the price and became rich from it so when a person who really needs cant afford it they are Just left out. I would suggest that people who want it done to forget about because spending all that money that you could spend somewhere else is way more important getting rid of wrinkles for a couple months is just a waste when people who have problems really need to have it done. I would tell people not to have the procedure done because why you only have to please yourself and nobody else.

The state of the economy in a business sector

The state of the economy in a business sector Executive Summary The state of the economy is a vital aspect in a business sector since it contributes to the progress of an entity. Currently, the economy is stable and will expand marginally. This will be good for our business which has a contract to import raw materials from China. This deal will not be affected owing to the manner in which it was drafted as well as the prevailing economic conditions.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on The state of the economy in a business sector specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Economic state The economy has been improving marginally after the recession. There are various factors that are contributing to this fact, such as interest rates, inflation and policies, adopted by nations globally to shield their economies (Itō 24). Nations have adopted policies which aim at cushioning their economy against stagnant international trade and the high cost of credit, making it chall enging for businesses. Business is triggered by consumption, however, consumption has contracted owing to the high credit cost. Credit is the key driver of consumption. Subsequently, high credit cost limits lending which reduces consumption. Owing to these factors, the international business being a key component of the economy is stagnating. Thus, the economy will improve marginally that will be characterized by a drop in unemployment, inflation rate and interest rates. The above developments will characterize short-term progress. However, it is difficult to predict the long-term economic trend although there seem to be minimal improvements. Policy makers in most countries aim at shielding their economies from the impacts of high cost of credit and inflation. This will improve the conditions in which we undertake business. Government will also want to boost consumption that can be accomplished by a deficit budget. On the flip side, such a budget may increase recurrent expenditure, depending on the nature of the borrowed funds (Jossa and Musella 58). Macroeconomic concerns In America, the unemployment extent will stagnate or reduce marginally to about 7.4% (Bureau of labour statistics). The marginal decrease will boost consumer confidence. Improvement in consumer confidence is vital since the American economy is highly dependent on speculation. he above progress will have minimal implications on the importation deal, which Blakleyovich Enterprise is undertaking. Nevertheless, such improvements will strengthen the American currency. Blakleyovich Enterprises revenues that are sensitive to an unemployment level will improve marginally.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The interest rate will be maintained at zero, owing to the unemployment rate. Consequently, there will be a minimal interest to pay for the credit acquired. The key objective o f zero-rating interest rates is to encourage borrowing. Blakleyovich Enterprise’s profitability will continue to improve. The gross domestic product (GDP) has been improving at rate of about 2% (Leondis). During this year, the GDP will expand at a rate close to 3% (US economic forecast). The expansion in this factor which denotes the gross national output will be indicative of an improving economy. This will further improve international trade. America’s imports from China by far surpass its exports to that nation. The trade deficit is about $300 billion (Yankovich 98). Accordingly, there should be a higher demand for the Yen, which would increase its value (Hufbauer, Yee and Ketki 216). Nonetheless, the Chinese government has hindered the upsurge in the Yen’s value to shield its manufacturers’ earnings. Devaluation of the Yen has ensured high returns for China based manufacturers exporting to America. The devaluation of the Yen will reduce the cost of Am erican imports from China. In the above case study, the Blakleyovich Enterprise will pay a reduced amount of dollars since they will yield more Yens owing to its devaluation. Overall, the devaluation of the Yen has reduced the cost of its commodities. Nonetheless, Chinese manufacturers have been the key beneficiary. The American economy has suffered significantly, owing to the poor trade balance. The trade balance has favoured China since there is a large market for its products, as such boosting its foreign currency reserves. The fixed price contract is a shrewd business move which will shield the company from the change in value of the currency involved. The dollar-yen exchange rate will change marginally, due to the policy adopted by China and the stabilizing value of the American currency (Mann,and Katharina 176). Assumptions and factors The above deal seems to be safe owing to the manner in which Blakleyovich Enterprise pursued it. Its cost will not change and the credit facili ty acquired have low interest rates. Therefore, the change in Blakleyovich Enterprise’s profitability level will be minimal. In the above analysis, there are several assumptions. The unemployment rate will not reduce past 6.5%, which would allow the government to increase interest rates. Increase in the above rates would increase Blakleyovich Enterprises overheads. Additionally, this analysis has assumed that the Chinese policy on its currency will remain the same for the foreseeable future. The policy adopted will have some repercussions on the trade between these two nations. However, this is unlikely since China wants to protect its manufacturers (Brooks and Warson 131).Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on The state of the economy in a business sector specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Recommendations to the directors The decline in unemployment and rising GDP denotes the fact that the economy is improving. This is likely to translate into an increase in revenues for this entity. However, managers should be cautious in their policy adoption. The profitability of the Blakleyovich Enterprise will be stable or may experience a marginal surge. The entity’s policies have so far been shrewd, but the entity should capitalize on the zero-rating of then interest rate. The interest rate will not rise soon since the unemployment must fall below the 6.5% level for any increase in interest rate to occur. This will provide Blakleyovich Enterprise with an appropriate window to undertake projects which may require acquisition of credit facilities. Importation of raw materials from China will enable the entity to reduce its cost, however, it will contribute to the ever expanding trade deficit. Overall, the economic environment favours this organizations (Morrison, Marc, Jonathan,Wayne, Wayne and Jonathan 76). Brooks, Lucy, and Warson, Julie. Chinas Currency: Economic Issues and Background. New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2011. Print. Bureau of labour statistics. Economy at a glance. April 12, 2013. Web. Hufbauer, Gary, Yee, Wong, and KetkiSheth. Us-china Trade Disputes: Rising Tide, Rising Stakes. Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics, 2006. print. Itō, Takatoshi. Exchange Rate Movements and Their Impact on Trade and Investment in the Apec Region. Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund, 1996. Print.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Jossa, Bon, Musella, Mark. Inflation, unemployment, and money: Interpretations of the Phillips curve. Cheltenham, UK: E. Elgar, 1998. Print Leondis, Alexis. Gross Raises U.S. Economic Growth Forecast to 3% in 2013. March 8, 2013. Web. Mann, Catherine, and Katharina Plück. Us Trade Deficit: A Disaggregated Perspective. Washington, DC: Peterson Institute for International Economics, 2005. Print. Morrison, Wayne, Marc,Labonte, Jonathan,Sanford, Wayne, Morrison, Wayne Morrison, and Jonathan Sanford. Chinas Currency and Economic Issues. New York: Novinka Books, 2006. Print. US economic forecast. U.S. Quarterly Forecast of GDP and Key Indicators February 2013. March 31, 2013. Web. Yankovich, Carl. Us Trade Deficit Issues. New York, NY: Nova Science Publ, 2010. Print.

Pre- and post- operative assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Pre- and post- operative assessment - Essay Example Health care needs in US communities are increasing, as is the demand for quality, cost-effective health care. (Barnett, 2005). Nursing personnel are more and more associated with helping the patients and medical practitioners now, and they have a crucial role to play in disease management and intervention. Laparotomy is a diagnostic procedure used to assess disease in the abdomen. One of the more frequent reasons for a laparotomy is to determine the extent cancer has spread. It is also used for acute situations in which the cause of the problem is unknown but the location is within the abdomen. Examples include perforated bowel, ectopic (outside the womb) pregnancy , endometriosis , appendicitis , bleeding, and inflammation of the pancreas. If the diagnosis made that laparotomy is amenable to further surgery, it is often done immediately. (Brigham and Women's Hospital 2006). Pre-operative assessment aims to reduce morbidity and mortality associated with surgery, prevent unnecessary cancellations, and minimize hospital stay. It benefits the nursing personnel as well as health practitioners to identify potential problems and develop a plan to prepare patients to a pre-surgical level of functioning to eliminate further surgical complications. It is a "very effective method for eliminating costly and unnecessary 'screening' investigations (Thomas, 2006). In the instant case, the i... (Brigham and Women's Hospital 2006). Pre-operative assessment aims to reduce morbidity and mortality associated with surgery, prevent unnecessary cancellations, and minimize hospital stay. It benefits the nursing personnel as well as health practitioners to identify potential problems and develop a plan to prepare patients to a pre-surgical level of functioning to eliminate further surgical complications. It is a "very effective method for eliminating costly and unnecessary 'screening' investigations (Thomas, 2006). In the instant case, the issues that need to be discussed at the pre-operative stage would be with regard to any special pre-operative program needed for Mrs. Maxshall and the estimated time for surgery, and time for recovery and convalescence. Since the patient is suffering from Osteoarthritis and remained a continuous smoker, performance of the lungs and heart needs to be monitored very closely. The aspect of anemia also requires to be taken into consideration. The advantages of utilizing the pre-admission clinic should be in terms of lower hospital stay and a better preparation, planning, and management of the surgery. The pre-admission also takes care of necessary tests and investigations for management of the operation. This also ensures that there is no delay for surgery upon admission, since it often happens that disadvantaged patients my get long date for surgery. Disadvantages of pre-admission clinic would be attributed to delay in diagnosis and initiating clinical/surgical procedures. If the patient develops abnormal symptoms after the investigations are carried out, but before being sent to the operating theater, the hospital stay also will be prolonged. In this case history the patient

Demand-side and Supply-side Policies on Economic Growth Case Study

Demand-side and Supply-side Policies on Economic Growth - Case Study Example These policies are either expansionary (catalyze spending in a recessionary economy) or contractionary (reduce spending in an inflationary economy). Also, supply side policies are those policies employed by the government to increase the country’s productivity hence shifting the aggregate curve outwards. They also are designed to affect an economy’s ability to produce goods and services. They increase the country’s aggregate productivity over time and improve the potential of the economy to produce. These policies are always expansionary with an aim increasing an economy’s production capacity which translates into increased living standards (Sloman, 2006). Demand side policies are further broken down to fiscal and monetary policies. Fiscal policies are those policies that are aimed at bringing changes in the government spending or taxes collected while monetary policies aim at bringing changes to the money supply engineered by the central bank. Expansionar y policies are then defined as those policies designed to stimulate economic growth through changes in real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and the potential output of the economy (Economics Online, 2013). The policies are characterized and implemented in the demand side by any of the four categories of expenditure i.e. consumption expenditure, investment expenditure, government expenditure, or net export expenditure that constitutes the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). On the supply side, the expansionary policies are designed to add flavor to the capacity of production of the economy through labor policies (education, immigration, retirement), capital accumulation, research and development (seeking technological improvements), or promotion of resource availability. Monetary policies lower rates of interest that accompany an increase in money supply hence affecting investment expenditure. A monetary policy would increase the amount of local currency available in the exchange market which will then weaken the rates of exchange with other currencies. Also, the lower rates of interest will make the economy unattractive to investors when compared to other economies which will lead to a capital overflow resulting in the sale of domestic assets and the currency in the exchange market resulting in an ultimate weak currency. A weaker currency makes exports relatively cheaper to foreign buyers hence will stimulate the demand for the local goods while at the same time imports will be more expensive to domestic buyers leading to a reduced demand for imported goods (Pettinger, 2011). This will result in an increase in Net Export expenditure. In times of large deficits in the budget, fiscal policies tend to be missing from the policy maker’s ideologies. These policies are easy to legislate as they are politically popular and supported. Monetary expansionary policies are ineffective and unpredictable compared monetary contractionary (Sloman, 2006). In a case where the wea k economic growth or high level of unemployment worries the Federal Reserve, the policy will react by increasing bank reserves by open market purchase (where the central bank buys or sells government bonds on the open market to manipulate the short term interest rate and supply of base money in an economy) prompting banks to convert their reserves into loans to their customers.  

Literature Review Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Literature Review - Research Paper Example This article lays emphasis on the effects of drug and substance abuse on children, and tells that children may emerge as users. In today’s society, drug use and its impacts have heightened. This norm has been experienced across variable age forms with children gaining increased participation in this exercise. There has been a call to find out the cause of the drug abuse problem among individuals with emphasis placed on the outcome of indulging in the heinous act. Barrett and Veerman stated that children have joined the number of drug users and are affected directly or sometimes may be a third party in the substance abuse act. There is the need to protect children from the substance abuse problem because they constitute the population who constitute the future society. There have been numerous investigations into the cause of mental disorders. Substance disorder has been frontal to causing these complications with a 3.8-11.3%. Via the national surveys, countries have been able to articulate the main cause of mental behaviour. Up to an average of 4 % of the users have the problem to encourage the drug dependency, living with a motive to kill the craving by practising the substance abuse. The society dictates the morals of the members and with the measures it undertakes to curb the spread of drug addiction there will be a similar realization of the impacts of the measure. The paper researches on the link between drug abuse and criminal behaviour. There are several crimes in the society that have been caused by substance abuse and an example is in prostitution. The government policy has been identified as a form of regulation for these drug related crimes. These drugs have the tendency to create a vice within an individual to involve in harmful measures that corrupt societal event. There is a direct link between crime and drugs within the society and regulations to curb drug indulgence would help protect the innocent members. Drug use is often

Tobacco addiction case study

Tobacco addiction case study Nick is a thirty-year-old Caucasian male who recently enrolled in your patient panel. He comes in today because he desires to â€Å"kick the habit† of tobacco use. He had tried to quit before and succeeded twice, only to start up again. He denies any health problems but has a strong family history of COPD and lung cancer. His father died of lung cancer three months ago, and he has been dreaming of him since then. He does not want to end up the same way. Past medical history The patient denies medical problems. He had a vasectomy four years age at his ex-wife’s request, no other surgeries. He has noticed a recurrent morning cough and increased production of mucus over the past two months or so. Medications – none Allergies – none Stage of change – contemplation Diagnosis – tobacco abuse and addiction Patient education Through the use of tobacco, nicotine is one of the most heavily used addictive substances and the leading preventable cause of disease, disability, and death in the United States (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, cigarette smoking accounts for around one of every five deaths in the United States (Center for Disease Control and Prevention). When a person is addicted to a substance, they have a compulsive urge to seek out and use the substance, even when they understand the harmful effects it can have (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). Tobacco products are addictive. With each inhalation of a cigarette the smoker pulls nicotine and other harmful substances into the lungs, where it is absorbed into the blood stream (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). Nicotine is shaped like the natural brain chemical acetylcholine. Acetylcholine is a chemical called a neurotransmitter; this carries messages between the brain cells or neurons (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). Theses brain cells or neurons have specialized proteins called receptors, into which specific neurotransmitters fit. Nicotine locks into acetylcholine receptors. Nicotine attaches to acetylcholine receptors that release a neurotransmitter called dopamine. Dopamine is released normally when a person experiences something pleasurable. Smoking causes neurons (brain cells) to release excess dopamine, which is the cause of feelings of pleasure when smoking (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). This effect wears off quickly, causing the smoker to get the urge to light up another cigarette for another dose of the drug (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). Nicotine is the primary addictive component in tobacco, but it is not the only important ingredient (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). People who smoke have a reduction in the level of an enzyme called monoamine oxidase (MAO) in the brain and body. Lower levels of MAO in the brain may lead to higher dopamine levels and this leads to the reason people continue to smoke and continue to get the pleasurable effects from smoking (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). Long-term use of nicotine products leads to addiction. The way nicotine is absorbed and metabolized by the body enhances its addictive potential (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). Each inhalation brings rapid distribution of nicotine to the brain, but it quickly disappears along with the pleasurable feelings. This triggers the smoker to seek that same pleasurable sensation throughout the day (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). Over the course of the day tolerance develops, requiring more frequent doses or higher doses to get the same effect. Nicotine, heroin, and cocaine have similar effects on the brain (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). Many people who have a nicotine addiction are in denial. They may be social smokers, meaning they only smoke when out with friends, or they believe they can stop when they are ready (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Recognizing the signs of addiction is important for the getting over the addiction. Common signs of addiction include requiring increased use of tobacco to get the same satisfaction, experiencing withdrawal when nicotine levels are low, having the desire to quit but not being able to, experiencing cravings and urges to smoke, and continuing to smoke despite being aware of the health risks (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). The physical symptoms of nicotine addiction are caused by withdrawal. Withdrawal occurs because the brain can no longer naturally produce adequate levels of dopamine. Nicotine withdrawal symptoms include anxiety, frustration, irritability, depression, difficulty concentrating, increased appetite, and weight gain (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). Some of the health risks associated with nicotine use include chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD), lung cancer, asthma, gum disease, mouth and esophageal cancer, heart disease, and stroke. The carcinogens in tobacco products cause abnormal cell growth that can develop into cancer (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). Deciding to quit smoking is the first step toward becoming a non-smoker and better health (Center for Disease Control and Prevention). After quitting, the risk of stroke can be reduced to that of a non-smoker in as little as two years after quitting (Center for Disease Control and Prevention). Heart rate and blood pressure return to the non-smoker levels after only two hours of not smoking. The rate of heart disease related to smoking is decreased to fifty percent and the rate of lung cancer is substantially reduced (Center for Disease Control and Prevention). Steps to nicotine abuse and addiction recovery that may help are to set a date to quit; this allows the person to get in the mindset to stop (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Knowing the triggers that make the person want to smoke is another important factor. Some triggers commonly observed that increase the desire to smoke are after a meal, while driving, drinking alcohol, boredom, stress, coffee, and being around other people that smoke (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Having a strong support system is another important factor in quitting. Informing the people around the smoker of the decision to quit may help to support the decision as well as holding the smoker accountable for the goal of quitting. It is easier to stop smoking if the people around support the effort to stop smoking (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). If the smoker is thinking about quitting, or has made the decision to quit, there are several products to help in the process of quitting and prevent many of the withdrawal symptoms. Nicotine replacement is an alternative to stopping cold. Many people find it easier to use a replacement therapy such as the nicotine patch, inhaler, or nicotine gum. This may make the transition easier and more comfortable for the person trying to quit (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Tobacco dependence is a chronic disease that often requires repeated interventions and multiple attempts to quit. Effective treatments exist; however, that can significantly increase the rate of long-term abstinence. Counseling and medications are effective when used by themselves. The combination of counseling and medications, however, is more effective than either alone (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Products designed to help quit tobacco abuse and addiction Bupropion SR treatment should begin one to two weeks before the quit date. The starting dose for tobacco cessation is 150mg orally every morning for three days, then 150mg orally twice daily. This dosage should be continued for seven to twelve weeks. For long-term dosage, use of bupropion SR 150 mg for up to six months post-quit may be used (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Common side effects include insomnia and dry mouth. Insomnia may be addressed by taking the evening pill at least eight hours before bedtime, with at least eight hours between doses (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Nicotine gum is available in both regular and flavored forms. The gum dosage is available in two milligrams and four milligram doses. Smokers should use at least one piece every one to two hours for the first six weeks (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). The gum should be used for up to twelve weeks with no more than twenty-four pieces to be used per day. Common side effects of the gum include mouth soreness, hiccups, dyspepsia, and jaw ache. These effects are generally mild and transient, often caused by the patient’s chewing technique (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). This can be alleviated by correct chewing techniques. The gum should be chewed slowly until taste emerges, then parked between the cheek and gum line to facilitate absorption. The gum should be slowly and intermittently chewed and parked for around thirty minutes or until taste dissipates from the gum (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Nicotine Inhalers- A dose from the nicotine inhaler consists of a puff or inhalation. Each cartridge delivers a total of one milligram of nicotine over eighty inhalations (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Recommended dosage is six to sixteen cartridges per day. Duration of the therapy is up to six months. Side effects include local irritation in the mouth and throat, coughing, and rhinitis. The severity of the irritation is mild and the frequency of symptoms decline with continuous use (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Nicotine lozenges are available in two milligrams and four milligram doses (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Generally, smokers should use at least nine per day in the first six months of therapy, and should be used for up to twelve weeks, with no more than twenty lozenges used per day (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). The two milligram is recommended for smokers that have the first cigarette more than thirty minutes after waking. The four milligram is used for patients that have the first cigarette within thirty minutes of waking (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). The most common side effects include nausea, dry mouth, hiccups, and heart burn. Use of the four milligram lozenges may also cause increased rates of headaches and coughing. The lozenge should be allowed to dissolve in the mouth rather than chewing or swallowing it (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Nasal spray- The nicotine nasal spray produces higher peak nicotine levels than other nicotine replacement therapies (NRT) and has the highest dependency potential (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). A dose of the nasal spray consists of one 0.5 mg dose delivered to each nostril (1mg total). Initial dosing should be one spray per hour, increasing as needed for symptom relief (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Minimum dosage is eight doses daily with a maximum of forty doses per day. Each bottle contains around one hundred doses. Recommended duration of therapy is three to six months (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Patients should not sniff, swallow or inhale through the nose while administering doses, as this increases irritation. The spray is best delivered with the head slightly tilted back. Users report moderate to severe nasal irritation in the first two days of use. Nasal congestion and transient changes to taste and smell are al so reported (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Nicotine patches treatment of eight weeks or less have been shown to be as effective as longer treatment periods (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Patches of different doses are available. Dosing regimens should be based on patient characteristics such as amount smoked and degree of dependence (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). The step down dosage includes four weeks of twenty-one milligram per day patches, then two weeks of the fourteen milligram per day patches, then two weeks of the seven milligram per day patches (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). There is a single dose regimen available in twenty-two and eleven milligram per day patches for other step down regimens. Up to fifty percent of patients using the patch will experience a local skin reaction. These skin reactions are usually mild and self-limiting, but may be worsened during the course of therapy (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Local treatment with a o ne percent hydrocortisone cream or a five percent triamcinolone cream, and rotation of patch sites may ease the skin irritation. Other side effects of the patches include insomnia and vivid or strange dreams. At the start of each day the patient should place a patch in a relatively hairless area, typically between the neck and waist, rotating the site daily to reduce irritation (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). The patch should be applied as soon as the patient wakes on the quit day. If insomnia is a problem, the patient should remove the patch prior to going to bed (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Varenicline is an approved non-nicotine agent for smoking cessation (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). The FDA added a warning regarding the use of this agent. Depressed mood, agitation, changes in behavior, suicidal ideation, and suicide have been reported in patients attempting to quit smoking when using Varenicline (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Any history of psychiatric illness should be discussed before using this medication. Side effects of the medication include nausea, trouble sleeping, and abnormal or vivid dreams (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). The patient should start Varenicline one week before the quit date, with a dose of 0.5 milligram daily for three days followed by 0.5 milligram twice daily for four days, followed by one milligram twice daily for three months. Varenicline is approved for maintenance therapy for up to six months (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). The patient should quit smoking on day eight, when the dosage is increased to one milligram twice daily. To reduce the insomnia problem, the second dose should be taken at dinner time rather than bedtime. To reduce the nausea, the medication should be taken on a full stomach (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Varenicline is a non-nicotine medication. The mechanism of action is due to its partial nicotine receptor agonist and antagonistic effects (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Because Varenicline is eliminated almost entirely unchanged in the urine it should be used with caution in patients with severe renal dysfunction. It is not recommended to be used with other nicotine replacement therapies because of its nicotine antagonistic properties (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Plan of treatment Patient will be advised that the increased cough and mucus production is related to the use of tobacco products and that once he no longer smokes the frequency of cough and mucus production will decrease as this is related to irritation in the lungs caused by tobacco use. A smoker’s cough is a persistent cough that develops in long-term smokers. At first it may be dry, but over time it usually produces phlegm. The cough is usually worst upon awakening and improves throughout the day. The airways are lined with tiny hair like cells called cilia, which catch toxins in inhaled air and move them upward toward the mouth to be expelled. Smoking paralyzes these cells. Instead of toxins being caught in transit, toxins enter the lungs and create inflammation. This leads to coughing as the lungs attempt to clear these toxins. As the Celia begins to repair themselves during the night and attempt to remove the accumulated substances from the lungs, the result is coughing upon arising. Thi s cough will usually fade as the Celia is allowed to repair themselves from the abstinence of cigarette smoking. Treatment will consist of smoking cessation counseling and support, Varenicline 0.5 mg daily, starting immediately, orally once daily for three days, then 0.5 mg orally twice daily for four days, followed by one mg orally twice daily for three months. Follow up should be in three days to evaluate side effects and patient response. The next follow-up will be dependent on patient progress and response to medication. The patient will be instructed on the community resources for smoking cessation support groups and how to cope with the stress of not smoking and how to manage daily frustrations related to smoking cessation. Dietary counsel will be offered for possible nutrition advice and weight management. The patient will be encouraged to enroll in an exercise program or to increase physical activities during the initial phase of smoking cessation. A chest x-ray will be ordered, at the patient’s convenience, to rule out COPD or other lung issues. References Brunton, L., Chabner, B., Knollman, B. (2011). Goodman Gilmans: The pharmacological basis of therapeutics (12 ed.). McGraw-Hill. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2008). Clinical practice guidelines: Treating tobacco use and dependency. Retrieved from CDC.gov: http://www.bphc.hrsa.gov/buckets/treatingtobacco.pdf Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.). Smoking and tobacco use. Retrieved from Center for disease control and prevention: http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/quit_smoking/how_to_quit/you_can_quit/nicotine

Difficulties of Obtaining a Divorce in Victorian England Essays

Bound in Union: The Difficulties of Obtaining a Divorce in Victorian England Divorce Legislation of the Victorian * 1839: Child Custody Act- Women, if proven innocent of adultery, could obtain custody of their children under seven. (Previously custody had been, without exception, awarded to the father.) * 1857: Matrimonial Causes Act- established regulations for secular divorce, making civil divorce, rather than divorce by act of Parliament, possible. Also outlined grounds for divorce, which differed for men and women, and secured property rights for divorced women. * 1870: Married Women’s Property Act- Allowed women to keep their earnings and inheritance along with small sums of money, though all other property fell to the husband. * 1873: Custody Acts- Women could gain custody of children up to 16 years of age even when adulteresses * 1882: Married Women’s Property Act-Women could keep all property, real and personal acquired before and after marriage. * 1884: Matrimonial Causes Act- Allowed wives of adulterers to immediately petition for a divorce rather than waiting the formerly required two years * 1886: Custody reforms granted mothers automatic custody of children after the death of the father. (Legal Milestones for Women 1832-1928) Divorce rates during the Victorian Period remained significantly lower than those of the present. Only one in ten women divorced once married due to several contributing circumstances (â€Å"Life for Women†). The law, religious doctrine, societal stigma, and the limited financial opportunities available to women all functioned as deterrents to divorce. Yet despite the encumbrances and inequity inherent in Victorian divorce, legislation made significant stride... ...orce in Australia. The beginning of his paper focuses on how Victorian England’s laws affected Australia, and the paper remains throughout intriguing and informative. Works Cited "Life for Women." Victoria's Past. 3 January 2005. 16 Mar. 2005 . Finlay, Henry. "Divorce and the Status of Women." 16 Mar. 2005 . "Legal Milestones for Women 1832-1928." 16 Mar. 2005 . Feinberg, Patricia. "The Divorce Bill." March 2001. Victorians Uncovered. 16 Mar. 2005 . Ziembra, Melissa. "Marriage and Divorce in Victorian England." 16 Mar. 2005 .

Crime Statistics Comparison

Crime statistics endeavour to provide statistical measures of crime in societies. They provide a point of analysis and comparison, allow countries to form long-term patterns and trends and can help to develop and reform criminal justice policies as well as being more meaningful than raw numbers. Using the countries of Bahrain and the United States as a comparison point for the following issues which surround crime statistics such as biases, agendas and general influences like education and religion; this essay will be focused around analysing the statistical factors and wider influences which can allow a country to have low or high crime rates. Crime Definitions Definitions of what exactly constitutes being a crime differ not only across countries but even across states. This can be an issue with statistics as in order to measure and compare crime consistently crimes need to be classified and placed into groups of similar offences. While murder is a crime recognized and agreed upon by most nations, what makes up a homicide may be more challenging and then even simply just a ‘crime against the person’ can vary widely. This often means that what makes up a crime for many offences can vary throughout jurisdictions. This is a problem when categorizing offences for international statistical comparison. An example of this is the way that laws differ state to state within the United States, while ‘offences known to police’ is a statistic seen as quite a high representative figure of the offences, a lot of researches see that no official measure can ever come close to the actual amount of criminality that exists in any form in society (Archer, 1984) Definitional problems are concerned with whether or not crimes have equivalent meanings between nations, which in most cases a lot of crimes seem not to have. Countries most often vary in behaviours which can sometimes be seen as coming within the space of the law. So for any kind of comparison of crime rates to work at all, it is crucial that the definitions of crimes and the categories they are placed in are similar. The next issue with definitions is that even the different organizations that compile crime statistics differ within their own definitions. Interpol for example defines murder as: Any act performed with the purpose of taking human life, excluding abortion but including infanticide (and including attempts). Kalish, 1988) While the World Health Organization (WHO) does not distinguish between intentional or unintentional homicides but does not include attempts under this organization attempts fall under a separate legal distinction(Kalish, 1988). And again, the United Nations have a different definition for homicide: Death purposely inflicted by another person, including infanticide. (Kalish, 1988) Due to major issues with the above topics across all countries, due to definitional and categorical differences, crime statistics can differ significantly. In Bahrain, crimes against the individual are ranked in relation to the seriousness of the offence, murder, attempted murder, murder by error, assault, threatening and others. In the United States, offences are not classed separately, but into broad categories which are homicides, robberies and assaults. Bahrain does not report rape as a single category and in response, no reports of rape have been sent to their criminal investigation unit (Ministry of Information, 1985). Reporting Issues The quality of the way crime is reported is likely to be influenced by a wide range of practices and techniques in different jurisdictions. For example in Bahrain, individual police departments participation in reporting crime rates is compulsory, but neither the numbers of convictions or the final outcome of cases are reported, whereas, local police departments in the United States are under no obligation to report back crime rates from their areas as participation is voluntary (Newman, 1993). Honesty or dishonesty of police who are involved in the collection and compilation process of statistics (Adler, 1983) and the manipulation of the data compiled for political reasons – which will be discussed later – are some other examples of things than can influence the quality of the crime that is reported. In the United States for example, every case involving multiple offences by the same person that are compiled by police, the statistic noted down is only in relation to the most serious offence that has occurred (Reichel, 1994). Underreporting is an influence on the reporting of crime as it affects basically every area and any data that is compiled by police. In many occasions and for many different reasons people do not report offenses they are victims of or that they witness. There is a ‘dark-figure’ of crime in both Bahrain and the United States, there have been no victimisation studies conducted in Bahrain to date, but on the opposite side, the victimisation surveys that have been conducted in the United States show higher crime rates than the Uniform Crime Reporting System shows (Federal Bureau of Investigation, 1981-1987). Another reason there are issues with extremely low or quite high crime rates is the issue of political influences. Police may exaggerate statistics in their areas to draw funding to their area for upgrades and to gain more police numbers, or even down the crime statistics to reflect success of their force, to show the people of the country and the world that they are doing their job correctly and well. The government can also do the above, by altering the statistics, they can create a sense of fear in there people to gain votes through public advertising that they will combat the high rates of crime in certain areas, or downgrade the rates to adhere to international requirements, to attempt to get the country placed on the ‘best of’ lists within international media as a way to gain tourism by showing they are a safe place to visit. Wider Influences: Bahrain is a country which operates on all levels in relation to the teachings of the Qur’an. This makes up the fabric of life for the Bahraini people, the influence of the Islamic religion can be seen in the economic, political and social pathways of life within the culture of the country. In Bahrain, religion is the most important structure. The Islamic religion opposes wrongdoing in all its forms and that any wrongdoing can lead to the downfall of society. The teachings of the Prophet attempt to get rid of all forms of crime before it happens by influencing the individuals who follow the religion. Acts against the law therefore is not only a crime against society in the eyes of Bahraini people it is also a violation of the principles of God. In Bahrain there are even ‘moral police officers’ who regulate the dress and public behaviour of citizens (Helal, 1991). As the Qur’an provides the basis for society, it also provides the base for which laws are made. All laws however have major influence from the Western cultures, apart from marriage, divorce and succession which all fall under the Shari’ah. Souryal, 1988)Therefore religion is a major influence in relation to everything, right down to helping explain the low crime rate in Bahrain. Citizens are able to speak directly to the ruler of Bahrain for a few days each month this allows the people to feel that they are in touch with their government as they are able to voice their concerns directly (Helal, 1991). Therefore crimes against the state are less likely to be committed as people feel as if they play a greater role than just an individual in a wider community. Souryal (1988) has noted in his studies that since firearms, drugs and alcohol are all banned, the opportunity for violence is reduced. Ontop of this, the way the law is applied to Muslim offenders acts as a deterrent to the Bahraini citizens. The penalty for committing a crime is harsher if the offender is Muslim and has committed an offence against a Muslim, the Islamic penal code is also enforced against non-Muslims in the country. Some punishments that can be given out include amputation, stoning, flogging and death which can be executed in public (Moore, 1987). The influence of education within Bahrain is a major factor that can be related back to the low crime rate of the country. Islam religion is tied tightly into the education at all levels in Bahrain, and education is compulsory for all children living in the country also (Helal, 1991). The United States however has a separation between church and state, which is not the case in Bahrain. Within the United States, there is a separation of powers, it is a multicultural society which also makes it multi-faith, to base all laws on just the one religion within the United States would most likely cause more crime rather than decrease the rate. Within the United States alcohol and firearms are legal once of a certain age, therefore the high crime rate within the country can be related back to the availability to things that aid criminal acts and violence. Education within the United States changes in relation to the age of compulsory education, it ranges from between 14 to 18 (State Compulsory Attendance Laws, 2007). Religion is not taught within all schools due to the adversity of religions within each state and the country as a whole. There are schools which focus on specific religions, these however are private schools and advertise that they do these teachings (Religion in Schools, 2004). The major difference between the two countries, other than the rate of crime, Bahrain’s crime rate being quite low compared to the United States, is the issue of religion within not just the country, but as the basis for all the laws and the way the entire community of Bahrain lives their life. In conclusion, there are so many reasons by which crime statistics can be altered due to not only issues with reporting and recording, but definitional issues and wider societal influences. It is not until recently that any one organization has attempted to compile and compare cross-national crime statistics, for this to be done however, organizations need to find a way to combat the above issues outlined. The United Nations have pushed for a standard level of classification of offences and the collection of statistics across continents which would set out minimum standards for the collection, analysis and presentation of the statistics. (Vetere, 1977). This is just one way we can start to remove bias and definitional errors. The true rate of crime is impossible to compare or even start to determine. The amounts of crime reported demonstrate that there is a major difference between the two countries in terms of crime rates. The Islamic religion within Bahrain lays the foundations for life and can be seen woven into critical social areas within the community, all in which can create the basis for crime to become a realty; within Bahrain however, due to the tight influence religion has on one’s conscience, it has the opposite impact (Helal, 1991). The United States has the separation of church and state, therefore fewer values are shared throughout the country, which allows for breaks within society and these can be seen as the basis for crime to be committed, therefore raising the crime rate rather than lowering it. It would be simply ridiculous to implement the way Bahraini society is run into the United States(Helal, 1991). But the influence that the combination of church and state within a country like Bahrain has on the Bahraini people is simply just one way in which can be shown to keep crime rates low.References http://www.edweek.org/ew/issues/religion-in-schools http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0112617.html

Health marketing Positioning and Differentiation

Health marketing Positioning and Differentiation This paper offers an insight on strategic marketing in health care and giving out the information on competitive edge in the health care field. It will highlight the effeteness’ of the strategies used by the two care centers. The approaches include the managed care, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, physician practices and social marketing.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Health marketing: Positioning and Differentiation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Even though, most clients are bombarded with advertising information daily, there’s the only advertising image that makes people to listen; service advertisement from Urgent Care of East Valley, Gilbert. This has taken totally different approach to getting customers attention. Urgent Care of East Valley in Gilbert ignored to use the medical professions and the doctors in adverts. Although, Urgent Care of East Valley in Gilbert is located in an e nvironment where there is a competitive health care market, it has managed to be a regional leader in various issues in the medical field (Pinkovitz, 1997). Just immediately after the facility was opened, the marketing team intensified their campaigns and Urgent Care of East Valley in Gilbert made several approaches to differentiate itself from the heavy marketing advertisement from their competitor. The main aim of the advertisement were to break through the clutter and to present a strong and clear message to the clients; the ad was considered effective and smart meeting the healthcare objective. The campaign team focused their efforts on radio and TV, even though there were some efforts to reach print and outdoor ad as well. The location of the facility gives it an advantage because it is in a strategic position making it easily accessible in all directions. The main location locations are: Gilbert North of Southern, Higley North of Ray Rd, Gilbert South of Queen Creek and Rural North of Guadalupe. There are also other branches being constructed. Apart from this discussion, I will briefly discuss about theories of advertising.Advertising Looking for critical writing on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More With innovation and development in technology, most customers are more informed about products that are available in the market. These customers are also more informed about their needs and their requirement from goods and services. Many companies that produce several products have also come up and they all compete for the attention of a similar market. Advertising has been proposed to have two theories of how it works which are a strong theory and a weak theory. The strong theory of advertising suggests that for advertising to have an impact, an individual has to be persuaded to close the deal for the advertiser by making a purchase while the weak theory suggests that an in dividual is reminded to make a purchase for a particular brand of product. However, advertisements use the same concepts to attract and hook the attention of the consumer and finally, close the deal after the client makes a purchase. This paper will take a look into the different communication models that are utilized in advertising and give an example of a successful advertisement that has been made in the 21st century. The paper will also look at the AIDA Attention Interest Desire and Action advertising model used in the Mac vs. PC model. The critical debate is that, the modes of advertising currently used in the world today have evolved but the concepts that are used are still the same as those that were used a long time ago even before innovation and technology advanced. Even though consumers are more aware of their needs and rights, the concept of persuading and trying to keep consumers loyal to brands remains the same. Urgent Care of East Valley, Gilbert has various physicians who are qualified in various fields like Biology, Zoology, family practices to handle all the needs of the clients. Some of the services provided include; complicated lacerations and abscesses, EKG and X-ray, IV’s and IV medication, blood-work, specialized tests, abdominal pain, headache, severe back pain or other muscular injuries, broken bones, and ingrown nail removals. The facility has pharmacy department that can over various medications that can treat all kinds of infections, coughs and colds, muscular injuries among others making the facility popular (Berkowitz, 2006). To market itself the facility offers its services at a very low price like $ 10 per description; making medication very affordable.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Health marketing: Positioning and Differentiation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More What makes it very unique from its competitor is that the facility can accept in surance through various providers like: Iab, Aetna, Health Choice, University Physichians, Health Choice Generations, Humana-Choice Care, John Alden Health, among other making payments to be very convenient. The other health care center does not accept payment from various insurance companies. Payment can also be made online making it easy and efficient to customers who don’t have insurance or cash (Free Library of Philadelphia, 2011). The Beth Israel Medical Center is located at 245 Fifth Avenue between 27 and 28th Street in New York. The center offers Continuum Health and healing center services to clients. The health care institution offers people the opportunities to educate themselves on health care options that are available and which they are best suited for the conditions that they might have. In this day and age when many people are trying to get healthy through their eating habits and treatment with natural medicine, the facility offers a ‘product’ that is highly needed in the market. Many individuals feel that the illnesses that they have developed are because of chemicals that they have consumed from highly refined foods or from years of taking medication. The notion that the Beth Israel medical center promotes wellness and prevention of diseases means that they target high end and ordinary consumers that are health conscious and act on their consciousness. The New York Beth Israel center is strategically located to be able to treat patients from all over the city. New York has a high population and has many other institutions from which Beth Israel can be able to source its clientele. Beth Israel offers clients education about their health acting as a preventive measure. This has helped them gain popularity especially for patients that might have long term chronic illnesses and they need to manage their diseases (East Valley Urgent Care, 2011).Advertising Looking for critical writing on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The center has been equipped with the latest medical equipment that allows it to be able to offer a wide range of health care services. The center has employed the services of highly qualified specialists from all over the world and trained them on the use of integrative medicine. Integrative medicine incorporates research studies that have been conducted from renowned health organizations such as the Center for Disease Control and the Griffin Hospital in Connecticut. The center also prides itself in being a member of the National Consortium of Academic Medical Centers for Integrative medicine. All these affiliations to internationally known organizations make people know that the kind of health care provided by this organization is of high quality. Most of the individuals that visit the Beth Israel center have private insurance which makes funding more convenient for the institution. Majority of the health care institutions in the country have to deal with individuals that do not h ave insurance and the hospital do not want to turn them away, but they still have to pay their bills. The Beth Israel center in New York emphasizes that it does not focus on price to treat its patients. Some of the integrative treatments that are available are relatively cheap such as homeopathy and it can be performed on patients that have tried other forms of treatment without success. Research has shown that there has been a 70% increase in the number of Americans that have chosen to use integrative medicine. Some of these patients include cancer patients whose diseases have progressed on too much and they have been poor prognoses. Some of these patients opt to spend the last few moments that they have using natural remedies instead of medical procedures such as surgery or chemotherapy. Beth Israel has many clients from diverse backgrounds and with diverse medical issues. Most of the pharmaceutical companies that are available have failed to fund research studies that will lead t o the discovery and use of new medication. The Beth Israel center has therefore collaborated with research institutions all over the country that focus on wide areas of study. Due to the high profits that are available from pharmaceuticals, it is cited that it is the reason that most doctors, pharmacists and other individuals in the healthcare industry recommend manufactured medication. But many individuals especially those that suffer from chronic diseases seek integrated medicine because they feel that these might offer them a chance to get completely healed from their conditions and without performing of evasive procedures or without taxing of their metabolic systems with the removal of toxic chemicals from the body. The Beth Israel center is located in a strategic position where many people from all of New York can be able to access. Many internationally tourists also visit New York and they might decide to try out therapies offered at the center while at the city. This makes th e location of the center vey prime to take advantage of the many clients that might want to take advantage of integrative medicine. The location is in the heart of the city whereby, individuals can walk from their workplaces after a day’s work or they can call in and make appointments while they go at their free time during the day. This is therefore a great strength for the health center and places it ahead of its competitors. While some individuals might have already tried the conventional ‘western’ medication, there are other individuals that feel that taking of their bodies through healthy eating, regular exercising and the use of integrative medicine when they fall ill is the solution to their health problem. The Beth Israel health care institution offers holistic treatment in comparison to the Arizona Urgent Care facility. The Beth Israel Center specializes in offering clients health care services that cater to the whole body offering therapeutic care and e ven offering remedies. References Berkowitz, N. (2006). Essentials of health care marketing (2nd ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett. East Valley Urgent Care. (2011). Web. Free Library of Philadelphia. (2011, March 8). Retrieved from https://libwww.freelibrary.org/locations/parkway-central-library Pinkovitz, R. (1997). Using Lifestyle to Analyze Market Potential. Web.

Shia-Sunni Paper Essays

Shia-Sunni Paper Essays Shia-Sunni Paper Essay Shia-Sunni Paper Essay Shi’a-Sunni relations during and after the reign of Saddam Hussein SOC 300-Sociology of Developing Countries April 24, 2011 Discuss the effects of Saddam Hussein’s government on Shi’a-Sunni relations in Iraq. The Sunni, Shi’a conflict in Iraq (and other parts of the Muslim world) started long before the reign of Saddam Hussein in Iraq, but when Saddam became Prime Minister of the country the conflict between the two religious sects was taken to a new level. As soon as Hussein gained full power, under his control, began years and years of persecution of the Shi’a Muslims in the country. With Saddams newly gained power, he had the full support of the Sunni’s, supporting his long standing hatred of the Shi’a. He then set out to show the nation who was ultimately in control and to rid the nation of any opposition. Shi’ites were persecuted under the Ba’ath party rule. Many Shi’a religious traditions were banned throughout the country, such as the Shi’a Ashoura religious festival, stating â€Å"the last thing he wanted was that many Shi’as together† (www. associatedcontent. com). It is said that every Shia clerical family of note in Iraq had tales of torture and murder to recount. (www. wikipedia. rg) from the years 1979- 1983. Under Saddam’s regime, 48 Shi’a clerics were executed, in Iraq. During his reign, Saddam mercilessly persecuted, tortured and executed several Shi’a leaders and followers alike (www. associatedcontent. com). After the United States beat Iraq in the Gulf War (1990-1991) th e persecution intensified (Handleman, 2011). Saddam believed that the United States under George W. Bush called the Iraqi people to overthrow Hussein and that the United States would support any uprising of the people to overthrow him. This primarily meant the Shi’a in the southern part of the country and the Kurds in the northern part. When U. S. assistance failed to materialize, Shi’a towns all throughout the south were leveled and thousands of Shi’a people massacred. What effect did Saddam’s fall from power have on relations between these two religious communities? After the relentless persecution and torture of the Shi’ites under Saddam’s rule, the Shi’a reveled in his fall from power in 2003. America took down Saddam’s ever ruling Ba’ath party and at the time had the support of the Shi’ites. They favored a peaceful negotiation with the occupying authorities, meanwhile anticipating the new country they would eventually rule. Within a year after Saddam’s fall from power, the Sunni’s were almost waging a full scale war against the Shi’ites. They were using primarily roadside bombs and suicide bombings, directed at major sites throughout crowded Shi’a neighborhoods. This was the start of the Sunni insurgency, 2003. As it stands, this is some of the worst Shi’a-Sunni strife that has ever occurred, since the U. S. invasion of Iraq, it has built up steadily since then and to present, this Sunni-Shi’a revenge cycle, where suicide bombings are often used by the Sunni, the Shi’a favors death squads. On the Shi’a side the militia dominated government death squads were reportedly torturing to death, or executing â€Å"hundreds of Sunni’s† every month in Baghdad alone (www. wikipedia. org). According the BBC, from 2005 to present, the commandos of the Ministry of Interior are controlled by the Badr Organization, the military wing of The Supreme Islamic Iraqi Council (SIIC) and are almost exclusively Shi’a Muslims and have been implicated in killing thousands of Sunni citizens (www. wikipedia. org). What do you feel is likely to happen to Shi’a-Sunni relations after the U. S. and allied troops withdrew from Iraq? When the U. S. completely withdraws from Iraq the Shi’a-Sunni relations, as they stand currently, will continue to deteriorate. The U. S. supported Shi’ites are in place, politically now, but once the U. S. withdraws more civil unrest will rage between the two sects and although the Shi’ite Muslims (around 65% of the population) outnumber the Sunni Muslims (around 32% of the population), I believe it will be a war of who has the strongest backers (for arms, supplies,etc), being other Muslim nations, Al Qaeda, etc. The country will continue to grow more and more unstable and the unrest will continue to escalate. Ultimately who ends up in control, is anyone’s guess. The nation of Iraq could ultimately end up with another leader like Saddam Hussein, or worse. The current Prime Minister al-Maliki is trying to create a stable government based on sectarian aspirations but his level of success as a ruler will ultimately determine whether Iraq is even capable of having a peaceful future (Handleman 2011). References Handleman, Howard (2011). The Challenge of Third World Development (pp. 109-113). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Saddam_hussein http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Shi%27a%E2%80%93Sunni_relations reference. com/browse/sunni newstatesman. com/world-affairs/2007/02/sunni-shia-iraq-iran-arab associatedcontent. com/article/2543561/the_shiasunni_conflict_in_iraq_pg1html? cat=37

Reporting for the Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Reporting for the Media - Essay Example state if extension was granted and the revised Submission Date)    I declare that the work contained in this assignment is my own, except where acknowledgement of sources is made. I authorise the University to test any work submitted by me, using text comparison software, for instances of plagiarism. I understand this will involve the University or its contractor copying my work and storing it on a database to be used in future to test work submitted by others. I understand that I can obtain further information on this matter at http://www.unisanet.unisa.edu.au/learningconnection/student/studying/integrity.asp Note: The attachment of this statement on any electronically submitted assignments will be deemed to have the same authority as a signed statement. Sign (or type name): Vandiappan Thevar Date:14th Feb 2011 Contents Page Part A: Practical Exercise 3 i) News Story 3 ii) â€Å"On-Air† Report 6 Part B: Discussion Paper 8 Appendices 10 Part A: Practical Exercise i) News Sto ry Stanley â€Å"Artgerm†, the Ultramodern Artist Staff reporter: Mr Vandiappan Thevar Finding true talent that can transform the world of media and entertainment is difficult to find. In our recent interview1 with Stanley â€Å"Artgerm† Lau, from Imaginary Friends Studios (I.F.S), new and truly defined talent was found. Our interview took place in the studios in Singapore, a place that is now growing into the arts center of the world and is providing new and innovative support for artists and creative individuals alike. Lau is one of the most well – known cartoonists and comic drawers for Imaginary Friends Studios. His exposure from this company is one that is based on the growing trends in Asia that the community continues to support. Lau prides himself with his artistic approach to comics as well as his interest in creativity that is able to give a message to others who are interested in the up and coming entertainment of the next generation. . Mr. Lau autogr aphing his art piece Lau pointed out that regional artists are community oriented, available to help and are interested in the comics and cartoon field. It is this mentality that allowed him to change from being an artist as a passion to turning it into a career field. This is one option that most would have not recognized 20 years ago, but with young innovators such as Lau, there is a new set of opportunities available to grow into an artist that becomes more than a hobby. Lau stated that the community and opportunity to develop into a career is what has helped to inspire him to move forward with drawing and to feel pushed into bettering his art. He also noted that his creativity is one that he has linked to his desire to make his own discoveries of the outer world and the ability to create symbolism and creativity, while defining innovation through his ideas. This is one of the ways in which the cartoons are able to present new ideas that create trends and new ideals with creativi ty. Even though Lau has noted that there is continuous support from the community, there is also recognition that comics and cartoons create a diverse set of responses from individuals as well as growing competition in the field. The continuing competition is one that makes the critics stronger, specifically in areas such as Singapore. However, there isn’

Effects of ADHD Medication and Student Performance Essay

Effects of ADHD Medication and Student Performance - Essay Example A baseline will be established for each student prior to the study based on the pretests. The study will be conducted for four months during the academic year. This experimental research design utilizes quantitative methodology with a randomized pretest-posttest control group and treatment group. The research will include 60 students from a fourth grade elementary school who will be randomly assigned to either an experimental treatment or control group, consisting of 30 students in each group. Table of Contents Main Body I. Problem to be investigated 4-5 A. Purpose of the study 4 a. Assumptions 4 B. Justification of the study 5 C. Research question and null hypothesis 5 D. Definition of Terms 6 a. Constitutive Definitions 6 b. Operational Definitions 6 E. Brief overview of the study 7 II. Background and review of related literature 8 A. Theory 9 B. Studies directly related 9-10 C. Studies tangentially related 10-11 References 12 Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder or ADHD is a d isorder characterized by lack of attention, hyperactivity, and impulsive behavior (PubMed Health, 2011). Due to these characteristics, children with ADHD have difficulty in school, possibly due to multiple factors. Children with ADHD may be unable to keep up with the lessons due to lack of concentration, or they may be seen as disruptive by their teachers. Consequently, they may be deemed unfit to progress in their schooling and be retained in their current grade, which is something that may have grave consequences on the children’s educational and global development. Parents and teachers must recognize that ADHD is not something to be taken against a child, but a disorder that can be overcome with proper and adequate pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic interventions. Teaching interventions that are more suitable for children with ADHD may help enormously with the children’s proper education and development. Poor outcomes may also be seen in children diagnosed with ADH D who do not receive medication. The goal of this research project is to determine the effectiveness of pharmacologic medication in improving academic outcomes of children diagnosed with ADHD. In the following sections, topics related to the issues discussed above will be addressed. The sections include: the purpose of the study and related assumptions, justification of the study, research question(s) and hypothesis, definition of terms, a brief overview of the study, and a conclusion. Problem to be Investigated The problem to be investigated is determining effective solutions to ensure students diagnosed with ADHD do not suffer academically. Stimulant medication has been suggested as one such solution. Purpose of the Study The purpose of the study is to determine the effectiveness of ADHD stimulant medication on improving the academic achievement of students diagnosed with ADHD. Assumptions The following assumptions will be made during the study: 1. This sample is representative of the population of elementary students. 2. The instrument used will measure the desired outcome of the research study. 3. The predictive information from this study will be used by counselors, teachers and parents. Justification of the Study Children who are diagnosed often exhibit problem behaviors in the classroom such as inattentiveness,