VEGA Surname Origin and Last Name Meaning

The Spanish surname Vega is a topographical name that means dweller in the meadow or one who lives on a plain, from the Spanish word  vega, used to refer to a meadow, valley or fertile plain. It could also be a habitational name for someone from one of any of the many places in the world named Vega or La Vega. Vega is the 49th most common Spanish surname. Alternate Surname Spellings: VEGAS, VEGAZ, DE LA VEGA,   Surname Origin: Spanish Where Do People With the VEGA Surname Live? The surname distribution map at Forebears, which includes data from 227 countries, pinpoints Vega as the 519th most common surname in the world. It identifies Vega as most common in Panama where it ranks 25th in the nation, followed by Puerto Rico (27th), Costa Rica (32nd), Peru (47th), Chile (47th), Argentina (50th), Mexico (55th), Spain (62nd), Cuba (74th), Equador (81st), Colombia (87th), Paraguay (96th) and Nicaragua (99th). WorldNames PublicProfiler identifies the Vega name in Spain as most frequently found in the northern regions of Asturias, Castille Y Leon, and Cantabria, as well as the southern regions of Andalucia and the Canary Islands. Within the United States, the Vega name is most common in the southwest, in the states bordering Mexico, along with Nevada, Idaho, and Florida, plus Illinois, New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut. Famous People with the VEGA Surname Paz Vega - Spanish actressAmelia Vega - 2003 Miss UniverseJurij Vega - Slovene mathematician and physicist- Spanish playwrightGarcilaso de la Vega - Spanish poet Genealogy Resources for the Surname VEGA 50 Most Common Spanish SurnamesHave you ever wondered about your Spanish last name and how it came to be? This article describes common Spanish naming patterns and explores the meaning and origins of 50 common Spanish surnames. Vega Family Crest - Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Vega family crest or coat of arms for the Vega surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male-line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted.   The Vega DNA Surname ProjectThis Y-DNA surname project is open to all  families with this surname, of all spelling variations, and from all locations, with the goal of using DNA matches to  help find the paper trail that leads further back up the Vega family tree. VEGA Family Genealogy ForumThis free message board is focused on descendants of Vega ancestors around the world. Search past queries, or post a question of your own. FamilySearch - VEGA GenealogyAccess over 1.7 million free historical records and lineage-linked family trees posted for the Vega surname and its variations on this free genealogy website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. VEGA Surname Mailing ListThis free mailing list for researchers of the Vega surname and its variations includes subscription details and searchable archives of past messages. Hosted by RootsWeb. DistantCousin.com - VEGA Genealogy Family HistoryExplore free databases and genealogy links for the last name Vega. The Vega Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse family trees and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the last name Vega from the website of Genealogy Today. ----------------------- References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Dorward, David. Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998. Fucilla, Joseph. Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003. Hanks, Patrick, and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Reaney, P.H. A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997. Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997. Back to Glossary of Surname Meanings Origins

How Liberism has Evolved During the 20th Century - 980 Words

INTRODUCTION Since the 17th century, liberalism has been one of the sources of political progress in the West. Liberalism is a philosophy based on ideas of liberty and quality. Liberalism is hard to define due to the term being used to describe ideas, parties, movements and practices in different societies and different historical periods. The core values of liberalism are individualism, rationalism, freedom, justice and toleration . Liberalism is one of the most powerful ideologies shaping Western Politics. Early Liberalism showed the goals of the fast rising middle class and this have linked liberalism and capitalism. Liberalism has dominated political ideas for almost two decades since the 1970s but the liberal demand of limiting powers†¦show more content†¦MODERN LIBERALISM Many things can be said about Modern Liberalism because it is both Radical individualism (liberty gone too far) and Radical Egalitarianism (equality gone too far), with the diverging effects upon fraternity. Modern Liberalism is neither a collectivist nor individualistic idea; it has the elements of both doctrines. Modern liberalism shows a more sympathetic attitude to the state. They believe that state intervention is therefore enlarging liberty by protecting individuals from social evils that are rampant. Modern liberalism believes that equal opportunity can be achieved only if there is a reduction in the social inequality. Therefore, the state would be able to create excellent conditions for people through education or the health service. A key difference between modern and classical liberalism is positive freedom. Modern liberals believe in a positive view of freedom with state created conditions that people choose in order to progress. Both the modern and classical liberals believe that freedom is the ultimate goal politically in whatever form it takes. All liberal views on equality stem from the idea of individualism. A qualified welfare is the means by which positive freedom and equal opportunity are allowed to take place and is unregulated and it is free of state intervention. ECONOMIC LIBERALISM This is the partner of the classical liberalism. This is an economic idea

Character Analysis of Captain Beatty free essay sample

Beatty, the Nearly Enlightened As fire captain, it is Captain Beattys Job to promote and direct the eradication of knowledge and free thought within his district through the burning of books in Ray Bradburys novel Fahrenheit 451. Though one may expect his Job to be one occupied by a brutish, obtuse man with a powerful inferiority complex, this is not so: Beatty is obviously intelligent, well-versed in literature, but also completely devoted to the act of book-burning and the structure that supports it. He is more than Just than an rdent rule follower, however; his own embarkation upon an academic quest soured and embittered him on literature. He unleashes his own burning anger against books and eventually Guy Montag, an intellectually evolving fireman. A failed, unrealized quest for meaning in literature sparked this bitter anger and led to Beattys devolution from intellect to oppressor; he, as a character, traces the fall of society that led to his and its fiery demise. Beattys subordinate fireman, Guy Montag, begins an internal revolution similar to the one Beatty once had. As Montag begins to question the order and structure of his life, Beatty turns from friend to foe, and begins to attempt to crush Montags internal debate using a combination of his knowledge of literature and his conviction of its evils; he does this viciously, in order to quell his own inner turmoil. His intimate knowledge of literature indicates that he was once a free-thinking, intelligent, skeptical bibliophile of the sort that Montag is developing into. Beattys quest for enlightenment, however, fell short: Beatty was unwilling or unable to deal with the onfusion and potentially painful thought that came with the conflicting ideas offered by books. In response to this frustration, he turned towards destroying the object of his mental conflict instead of facing its implications; he is both a paragon and product of the society of his time. Because of the constant occasion for thoughtless stimulation in the culture of the novel , man lacks Just that much time to think while dressing at dawn, a philosophical hour, and thus a melancholy hour (56). Beatty sees a philosophical hour as a melancholy one because it gives him pportunity to mourn his own lost intellectual freedom. The absence in Beattys mind of one key fact, elucidated to Montag by Professor Faber, could have accounted for the failure of his foray into literary intellectualism: Books can be beaten down with reason (84). Beatty could have become a powerful exponent of a book preservation force or a danger to the institution of book-burning; instead, frustrated and confused by internal conflict, he chose to become a fire captain and destroy the source of his mental discomfort. As the ex-bibliophilic, well-read fire captain, he is one of many paradoxes in Fahrenheit. He is the antagonist of the novel, but also a representation of the novels antagonistic force: his personal arc of intellectual development followed by rejection of knowledge closely mimics (according to the histories told to Montag by Beatty and Faber) that of the countrys; the same powerful and oppressive consistent throughout the nation. In fact the Captain, according to Professor Faber, belongs to the group most dangerous to truth and freedom, the solid unmoving attle of the majority (108), a quite powerful force of rhetoric momentum that the Captain utilizes to his full advantage to keep control of his mens loyalty and opinions. The captain of the fire station has a powerful tool at hand to maintain this control on a larger scale: the Mechanical Hound. Beatty is a strong fgure of oppression with the loyal and useful Hound at his side; he destroys knowledge and the power of thought, while the Hound instills fear in the population and removes any doubt in the public eye of the governments power. The fact that Beatty has power over the Hound as fire aptain, combined with the Hounds usefulness to the station, suggests that control over a people through fear is inevitable and necessary to effectively censor knowledge and extinguish the ember of independent thought. Also, as a precursor to Beattys increasing suspicions of Montag (and as Montags mind becomes increasingly unsettled with its current state of affairs) the Mechanical Hound becomes more aggressive toward Montag, signifying a realization of Beattys suspicions and allowing him to subvert Montags security about his secrecy. Bradbury ints at Beattys clever deduction of Montags activities by sending the Hound (in a wonderfully subtle, sly move) to literally sniff around Montags house: Under the door, a slow, probing sniff, an exhalation of electric steam. And the smell of blue electricity blowing under the locked door (72). While the fear of the Hound does not abolish Montags resolve to read the books, it does weaken it and he hastens to finish his scholarly task because he is afraid hell be stopped. This is one of the few instances where Beatty does not attempt to sway Montag by outmaneuvering him in debate but is still present for (in some form) and aware of an act that goes against both the law and the firemens code. The final act of Montags that Beatty is explicitly aware of and violates both the law and the firemens code is his murder. In a deed of fear, desperation, and (ironically) atonement, Montag burned him with his own flames; the force of destruction Beatty had released inside of each of his firemen eventually came back around and consumed him. Beatty wished for death; even when Montag had switched off the safety of his flamethrower and was clearly nstable, he continued to taunt him with a mixture of literary references and scorn, mocking Montags ignorance of the literature he has thrown his life away for: Go ahead now, you second-hand litterateur, pull the trigger (119). However, Beattys comments before his death, during ridicule of Montag when he is called on duty to his own house, reveal a great deal about both his true feelings about the state of modern civilization and the source of his hate of the written word. He displays a disdainful demeanor towards ordinary people when he says, [f]or everyone owadays knows, is absolutely certain, that nothing will ever happen to me. Others die, I go on (1 15), suggesting that he is every bit the fumbling snob (119) that he accuses Montag of being. Its interesting that snobbery is the capital offense that Beatty charges Montag with, considering that Granger (the leader of a group whose goal it is to reinstitute reading into society) emphasized so strongly that The most important single thing we had to pound into ourselves is that we were not important, we mustnt be pedants; we were not to feel superior to anyone else in the islike of their audacity and naivety: Old Montag wanted to fly near the sun and now that he burnt his damn wings, he wonders why (1 13). Beattys attempt at scholarly literacy was the proverbial (definitely not literal in this context) playing with fire; he was burned, and when he sees others fall into what he believes is a trap he escaped from, he is filled with contempt towards them for not overcoming the same handicap. Captain Beatty is a rich, paradoxical, and complex warning figure in Ray Bradburys novel about censorship and tyranny of the mind. He is a character in denial, spouting nd touting beliefs foreign to his own deepest desires, a firm stickler for the rules because it allows him to mercilessly beat down his own nonconformist thoughts, which (if they or ones like them were to propagate among the people) endanger the happiness, tranquility, and docility of the population and sow dissent. The security of the states contentment at the expense of the individuals freedom of thought is the mission of Beatty, both personally and professionally, though he once was headed on the path of knowledge. Works Cited Bradbury, Ray. Fahrenheit 451. New York: Del Rey Books, 1953.

The Grave by The Handpost by Thomas Hardy and Drunkard Of The River by Michael Anthony Essay Example

The Grave by The Handpost by Thomas Hardy and Drunkard Of The River by Michael Anthony Paper I am going to be comparing two short stories. The first story The Grave by The Handpost by Thomas Hardy, which was written in the ninth century; the other story was Drunkard Of The River which was written by Michael Anthony in the twentieth century. The Grave By The Handpost is set in a rural area called Wessex in England. The river Ortoire on the Caribbean island of Trinidad sets Michael Anthonys story Drunkard Of The River. The Grave By The Handpost and Drunkard Of The River have some differences, both the stories are written approximately one hundred years apart; but they also have similarities. The father son relationships, both stories are about regretting something, which has happened. Also they both have parts of the story that is in dialect. The Grave By The Handpost is about a man called Sargent Holway, who committed suicide. Sargent Holway committed suicide because he had a son who wanted to become a mechanic in spite of his fathers wish for him to follow in his footsteps and join the army. He persuaded his son Luke to go and join the army overseas but as a result of this he had a terrible time. He dreaded being in the army and sent a letter to his father telling his father that he hates him for making him join the army and he has made his life miserable we know this because Luke says that his life was a burden and a slavery, and bitterly criticized his father for advising him to embark on a career for which he felt unsuited. As a result of Luke sending his father the letter his father felt so upset that he shot himself in his head with his own shotgun. We will write a custom essay sample on The Grave by The Handpost by Thomas Hardy and Drunkard Of The River by Michael Anthony specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Grave by The Handpost by Thomas Hardy and Drunkard Of The River by Michael Anthony specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Grave by The Handpost by Thomas Hardy and Drunkard Of The River by Michael Anthony specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Because he committed suicide his body had to be buried at a crossroad because some Christians at that time believed that if you committed suicide you were not allowed to be buried in a graveyard so sergeant Holway had to be buried at a crossroad so the devil cannot take his soul. His son Luke Holway came back from the army a couple of days after his fathers death, he was told that his father had committed suicide due to his letter. Luke felt really upset that he was the reason why his father had committed suicide. Luke decided to try and restore his fathers honour, he tried to do this by removing his fathers corpse from the crossroads and move it to a churchyard down the road. However just when he was about to move his fathers corpse he was recalled back to the army; Luke Holway chose to go back to the army because he thought it would make his father proud. We know this because Luke said Ill try to show myself to be what my father wished me so Luke left the reburying of his father to the men of the choir. However when the choir dug up sergeant Holways corpse they found a large wooden stake through his heart, which in conclusion made it impossible to move the corpse, so they left the corpse at the crossroad. As the years passed by the priest of the church and all the men of the choir died. Luke Holway came back once again and could not find neither the choir men nor the priest so he went to the graveyard to see if he could find his fathers tombstone but could not find any trace of his fathers body in the graveyard. He then discovered that his fathers body still lay at the crossroad. Luke was very upset and lived in a cottage for years until he too committed suicide by shooting himself, before Luke killed himself he wrote a note requesting to be buried at the crossroad beside his father but by the time the note had been retrieved Luke Holways body had been buried in the local graveyard! The story Drunkard Of The River is about a boy called Sona, he is sent from his home up the river Ortoire by his mother to collect his father Mano from Assings shop in the village where he has been drinking heavily and is drunk. Sona is at home when his mother tells him to go and collect his father from Assings shop. When Sona was told this he got angry because he hated his father but his mother still loved Sonas father Mano as she said In her eyes he was still young. He did not grow old it was she who had aged. Sona left his home got out a boat and paddled up the river to the village; he got to Assings shop and Mano was drunk and making a fool of himself. Sona told his father Mano to come home but this enraged Mano and he said So, you is me father now, eh? in his drunken rage Mano staggered towards his son. Mano kicked Sona in his stomach and it took three people to hold back Mano he is me father now him modder send him for me struggling even more than ever Ill kill him, so help me God, Ill kill him! Mano then got on the boat with his son Sona. When they were on the boat; there was an indication in the story that Sona did something bad but it does not say what had happened in the context. Sona got home wi thout his father; his mother became suspicious and wanted to know where Sonas father Mano was. Sonas reply was He out there, sleeping he drunk. But when Sonas mother called for Mano, Sona was panic stricken and fled! A narrator looking back on the past tells The Grave By The Handpost is in the form of a flash back. Drunkard Of The River describes events as they happen and the writer leaves readers to work out things for themselves such as in the end of the story you do not know exactly what happened to Mano (in fact Sona pushed his father Mano into the river Ortoire). Micheal Anthony does not say what Sona had done to raise more sympathy for Sona and try to make the audience understand why Sona did it. The style which I prefer is the one which Micheal Anthony used because it makes you wonder what could of happened, it makes you understand why Sona did what he did and what frame of mind he was in when he did it. The main characters in The Grave By The Handpost are sergeant Holway and Luke Holway. Sargent Holway is an army veteran; he would like his son Luke to follow in his footsteps and become like him. Luke Holway is the son of sergeant Holway he wants to become a car mechanic but his father forced him to join the army. Luke hated it when he went to join the army overseas; Luke was not really built for the army. The main characters in Drunkard Of The River are Sona and Mano; Sona is a young boy who really hates his father also he dont understand why anyone could like his father especially his mother moreover Sona could not see why she bothered about his father at all for Mano was stupid and worthless and made their lives miserable. Sona is really distressed and feels he has no other alternative but to sort out his father himself Sona Often in silence he had shaken his fist and said, one day Ill.. Ill.. Mano is the father of Sona he is a very ignorant man who does not listen to his son and is not concerned about how he treats him. Mano always drinks heavily; he is an alcoholic. The relationship between characters; in particular the father son relations such as sergeant Holway and L uke Holway, and Sona and Mano, these relationships is one similarity between the two stories. These characters do not get on with each other; sergeant Holway committed suicide because of what Luke Holway had said about him; Sona could not stand his father Mano; Sona was getting fustrated by his father Mano until Sona had been pushed so far he murdered his father Mano. The characters in Drunkard Of The River are Mano, his wife, their son Sona and Assing the owner of the shop where Mano drinks. There are also some villagers. Mano is the father of Sona; Mano is a drunk, an alcoholic and a very unreliable father. Sona hates his father they have a very dysfunctional relationship. Sona is the son of Mano he is angry that Mano is a drunk and not a proper father. Sonas mother is a very distressed woman, she loves Mano and thinks she has changed not Mano in her eyes he was still young. He did not grow old it was she who had aged. He had only turned out badly. In the Grave By The Handpost the action takes place in three main places; Long Ash Lane Crossroads, Chalk Newton and Chalk Newton Church Yard. Drunkard Of The River is set in a small village on the Caribbean island of Trinidad. We know this because Sona and his family live by the river Ortoire; we can tell it is set on a Caribbean island because of the dialect they use when they speak. In the story The Grave By The Handpost there are parts of the story where the characters do not speak Standard English; they speak Wessex dialect such as when Lot Swanhills said who mid ye be a burying there? which means who will be buried there. Also when Erza Cattstock says Jown it- weve never played to a dead man afore which in standard English is Damn it-we have never played for a dead man before. Moreover there is a part in the story when a man says to Luke Holway no, no dont ye take on so, young man which translates into Dont you get so angry young man. The writer Thomas Hardy does this to show that it is set in the countryside and to add to the effect of the story being set in a rural part of England. In the story Drunkard Of The River there are phrases which are not spoken in standard English but spoken in island d ialect such as when Sona said Ma say to come home which means Mother said come home; also when Mano says to Sona So you is me father now, eh which in standard English is so you are my father now. Micheal Anthony chose to do this to add to the effect of being on the island of Trinidad. An important event that happened in The Grave By The Handpost is when sergeant Holway receives a letter from from his son Luke Holway telling him how much he hates him and it is his fathers fault why he despises his life, this was a key thing because this was the cause of sergeant Holway committing suicide. Another key event that happened in the story is when Luke went off to join the army after his father had committed suicide Luke left the reburying of his father to the men of the choir to do. But they were frightened that when they dug up the grave at the crossroad they would find that a stake (which would have been put through his heart to prevent the devil taking his soul) had been put through sergeant Holway heart which would make it impossible for the men of the choir to move sergeant Holways corpse. So they left the body at the crossroads. A few years later Luke had come back and discovered that his fathers body had not been moved; this was a key event because Luke Holway thought he had restored his fathers honour but he hadnt. Also a key moment in the story is when Luke Holway lived in a little cottage by himself because he was depressed about his father. Luke committed suicide because he wanted to join his father. Luke left a note when he died saying he wanted to be buried at the crossroads beside his father but by the time the note was read his body was buried in the graveyard. This was an important factor because it shows the readers to what depth Luke Holway had sunk to during his depression and it also reveals how he never forgave himself for his fathers death. I think the most important events, which happened throughout Drunkard Of The River, are when Sona goes to Assings shop to collect his father but his father Mano gets angry and kicks him in the stomach. This is an important event because it changes the mood of the story and makes Sonas hatred for Mano build up even more inside. Another important event is when Sona and Mano are on the boat going home, but Sona arrives home by himself. When Sonas mother asks where Mano is; Sona starts to panic and runs away. This is also a key event because it shows us that Sona had done something bad and that Sona could have possibly killed his father Mano.

Botox Essay Essay Example

Botox Essay Essay Bottom is used to get rid of wrinkles in aging adults. The main reason it was used was to help patients that had a stroke and their face muscles were drawn up. Bottom actually paralyzes the muscles instead of relaxing them. Men and woman are spending 600-1,000 bucks each time they go and have a treatment done which as to be done every couple of months. The ethical dilemma with this procedure Is people are using It to not show signs of aging when In real life people grow old and get wrinkles. They want to look young forever, and that is not the case in real life. Rich people are the only kind of people that can really afford it to be done because it cost so much to get the procedure done, but what if a person that cant afford it and really needs it done, but their insurance does not cover it? People believe that it is okay to have this procedure done to make them look younger, but others thinks its a waste of money everybody ages its a part of life that everybody will go through. We will write a custom essay sample on Botox Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Botox Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Botox Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer People miss understand that in the beginning of the treatments it was meant for people with abnormal muscle tone and stroke patients but when the wealthy found out they used it to get rid of the wrinkles. My view is simply that I am against people who want to have Bottom not all people but the rich who believe that they need to get rid of wrinkles on their face. To me wrinkles are a part of life that Is the way god had Intended us to look when we aged. Problems associated with the issue would be Its costly, you have to have done way too often, and it was intended to help the sick people who actually really need. I believe when the rich found out they raised the price and became rich from it so when a person who really needs cant afford it they are Just left out. I would suggest that people who want it done to forget about because spending all that money that you could spend somewhere else is way more important getting rid of wrinkles for a couple months is just a waste when people who have problems really need to have it done. I would tell people not to have the procedure done because why you only have to please yourself and nobody else.

The state of the economy in a business sector

The state of the economy in a business sector Executive Summary The state of the economy is a vital aspect in a business sector since it contributes to the progress of an entity. Currently, the economy is stable and will expand marginally. This will be good for our business which has a contract to import raw materials from China. This deal will not be affected owing to the manner in which it was drafted as well as the prevailing economic conditions.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on The state of the economy in a business sector specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Economic state The economy has been improving marginally after the recession. There are various factors that are contributing to this fact, such as interest rates, inflation and policies, adopted by nations globally to shield their economies (Itō 24). Nations have adopted policies which aim at cushioning their economy against stagnant international trade and the high cost of credit, making it chall enging for businesses. Business is triggered by consumption, however, consumption has contracted owing to the high credit cost. Credit is the key driver of consumption. Subsequently, high credit cost limits lending which reduces consumption. Owing to these factors, the international business being a key component of the economy is stagnating. Thus, the economy will improve marginally that will be characterized by a drop in unemployment, inflation rate and interest rates. The above developments will characterize short-term progress. However, it is difficult to predict the long-term economic trend although there seem to be minimal improvements. Policy makers in most countries aim at shielding their economies from the impacts of high cost of credit and inflation. This will improve the conditions in which we undertake business. Government will also want to boost consumption that can be accomplished by a deficit budget. On the flip side, such a budget may increase recurrent expenditure, depending on the nature of the borrowed funds (Jossa and Musella 58). Macroeconomic concerns In America, the unemployment extent will stagnate or reduce marginally to about 7.4% (Bureau of labour statistics). The marginal decrease will boost consumer confidence. Improvement in consumer confidence is vital since the American economy is highly dependent on speculation. he above progress will have minimal implications on the importation deal, which Blakleyovich Enterprise is undertaking. Nevertheless, such improvements will strengthen the American currency. Blakleyovich Enterprises revenues that are sensitive to an unemployment level will improve marginally.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The interest rate will be maintained at zero, owing to the unemployment rate. Consequently, there will be a minimal interest to pay for the credit acquired. The key objective o f zero-rating interest rates is to encourage borrowing. Blakleyovich Enterprise’s profitability will continue to improve. The gross domestic product (GDP) has been improving at rate of about 2% (Leondis). During this year, the GDP will expand at a rate close to 3% (US economic forecast). The expansion in this factor which denotes the gross national output will be indicative of an improving economy. This will further improve international trade. America’s imports from China by far surpass its exports to that nation. The trade deficit is about $300 billion (Yankovich 98). Accordingly, there should be a higher demand for the Yen, which would increase its value (Hufbauer, Yee and Ketki 216). Nonetheless, the Chinese government has hindered the upsurge in the Yen’s value to shield its manufacturers’ earnings. Devaluation of the Yen has ensured high returns for China based manufacturers exporting to America. The devaluation of the Yen will reduce the cost of Am erican imports from China. In the above case study, the Blakleyovich Enterprise will pay a reduced amount of dollars since they will yield more Yens owing to its devaluation. Overall, the devaluation of the Yen has reduced the cost of its commodities. Nonetheless, Chinese manufacturers have been the key beneficiary. The American economy has suffered significantly, owing to the poor trade balance. The trade balance has favoured China since there is a large market for its products, as such boosting its foreign currency reserves. The fixed price contract is a shrewd business move which will shield the company from the change in value of the currency involved. The dollar-yen exchange rate will change marginally, due to the policy adopted by China and the stabilizing value of the American currency (Mann,and Katharina 176). Assumptions and factors The above deal seems to be safe owing to the manner in which Blakleyovich Enterprise pursued it. Its cost will not change and the credit facili ty acquired have low interest rates. Therefore, the change in Blakleyovich Enterprise’s profitability level will be minimal. In the above analysis, there are several assumptions. The unemployment rate will not reduce past 6.5%, which would allow the government to increase interest rates. Increase in the above rates would increase Blakleyovich Enterprises overheads. Additionally, this analysis has assumed that the Chinese policy on its currency will remain the same for the foreseeable future. The policy adopted will have some repercussions on the trade between these two nations. However, this is unlikely since China wants to protect its manufacturers (Brooks and Warson 131).Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on The state of the economy in a business sector specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Recommendations to the directors The decline in unemployment and rising GDP denotes the fact that the economy is improving. This is likely to translate into an increase in revenues for this entity. However, managers should be cautious in their policy adoption. The profitability of the Blakleyovich Enterprise will be stable or may experience a marginal surge. The entity’s policies have so far been shrewd, but the entity should capitalize on the zero-rating of then interest rate. The interest rate will not rise soon since the unemployment must fall below the 6.5% level for any increase in interest rate to occur. This will provide Blakleyovich Enterprise with an appropriate window to undertake projects which may require acquisition of credit facilities. Importation of raw materials from China will enable the entity to reduce its cost, however, it will contribute to the ever expanding trade deficit. Overall, the economic environment favours this organizations (Morrison, Marc, Jonathan,Wayne, Wayne and Jonathan 76). Brooks, Lucy, and Warson, Julie. Chinas Currency: Economic Issues and Background. New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2011. Print. Bureau of labour statistics. Economy at a glance. April 12, 2013. Web. Hufbauer, Gary, Yee, Wong, and KetkiSheth. Us-china Trade Disputes: Rising Tide, Rising Stakes. Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics, 2006. print. Itō, Takatoshi. Exchange Rate Movements and Their Impact on Trade and Investment in the Apec Region. Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund, 1996. Print.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Jossa, Bon, Musella, Mark. Inflation, unemployment, and money: Interpretations of the Phillips curve. Cheltenham, UK: E. Elgar, 1998. Print Leondis, Alexis. Gross Raises U.S. Economic Growth Forecast to 3% in 2013. March 8, 2013. Web. Mann, Catherine, and Katharina Plück. Us Trade Deficit: A Disaggregated Perspective. Washington, DC: Peterson Institute for International Economics, 2005. Print. Morrison, Wayne, Marc,Labonte, Jonathan,Sanford, Wayne, Morrison, Wayne Morrison, and Jonathan Sanford. Chinas Currency and Economic Issues. New York: Novinka Books, 2006. Print. US economic forecast. U.S. Quarterly Forecast of GDP and Key Indicators February 2013. March 31, 2013. Web. Yankovich, Carl. Us Trade Deficit Issues. New York, NY: Nova Science Publ, 2010. Print.

Pre- and post- operative assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Pre- and post- operative assessment - Essay Example Health care needs in US communities are increasing, as is the demand for quality, cost-effective health care. (Barnett, 2005). Nursing personnel are more and more associated with helping the patients and medical practitioners now, and they have a crucial role to play in disease management and intervention. Laparotomy is a diagnostic procedure used to assess disease in the abdomen. One of the more frequent reasons for a laparotomy is to determine the extent cancer has spread. It is also used for acute situations in which the cause of the problem is unknown but the location is within the abdomen. Examples include perforated bowel, ectopic (outside the womb) pregnancy , endometriosis , appendicitis , bleeding, and inflammation of the pancreas. If the diagnosis made that laparotomy is amenable to further surgery, it is often done immediately. (Brigham and Women's Hospital 2006). Pre-operative assessment aims to reduce morbidity and mortality associated with surgery, prevent unnecessary cancellations, and minimize hospital stay. It benefits the nursing personnel as well as health practitioners to identify potential problems and develop a plan to prepare patients to a pre-surgical level of functioning to eliminate further surgical complications. It is a "very effective method for eliminating costly and unnecessary 'screening' investigations (Thomas, 2006). In the instant case, the i... (Brigham and Women's Hospital 2006). Pre-operative assessment aims to reduce morbidity and mortality associated with surgery, prevent unnecessary cancellations, and minimize hospital stay. It benefits the nursing personnel as well as health practitioners to identify potential problems and develop a plan to prepare patients to a pre-surgical level of functioning to eliminate further surgical complications. It is a "very effective method for eliminating costly and unnecessary 'screening' investigations (Thomas, 2006). In the instant case, the issues that need to be discussed at the pre-operative stage would be with regard to any special pre-operative program needed for Mrs. Maxshall and the estimated time for surgery, and time for recovery and convalescence. Since the patient is suffering from Osteoarthritis and remained a continuous smoker, performance of the lungs and heart needs to be monitored very closely. The aspect of anemia also requires to be taken into consideration. The advantages of utilizing the pre-admission clinic should be in terms of lower hospital stay and a better preparation, planning, and management of the surgery. The pre-admission also takes care of necessary tests and investigations for management of the operation. This also ensures that there is no delay for surgery upon admission, since it often happens that disadvantaged patients my get long date for surgery. Disadvantages of pre-admission clinic would be attributed to delay in diagnosis and initiating clinical/surgical procedures. If the patient develops abnormal symptoms after the investigations are carried out, but before being sent to the operating theater, the hospital stay also will be prolonged. In this case history the patient

Demand-side and Supply-side Policies on Economic Growth Case Study

Demand-side and Supply-side Policies on Economic Growth - Case Study Example These policies are either expansionary (catalyze spending in a recessionary economy) or contractionary (reduce spending in an inflationary economy). Also, supply side policies are those policies employed by the government to increase the country’s productivity hence shifting the aggregate curve outwards. They also are designed to affect an economy’s ability to produce goods and services. They increase the country’s aggregate productivity over time and improve the potential of the economy to produce. These policies are always expansionary with an aim increasing an economy’s production capacity which translates into increased living standards (Sloman, 2006). Demand side policies are further broken down to fiscal and monetary policies. Fiscal policies are those policies that are aimed at bringing changes in the government spending or taxes collected while monetary policies aim at bringing changes to the money supply engineered by the central bank. Expansionar y policies are then defined as those policies designed to stimulate economic growth through changes in real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and the potential output of the economy (Economics Online, 2013). The policies are characterized and implemented in the demand side by any of the four categories of expenditure i.e. consumption expenditure, investment expenditure, government expenditure, or net export expenditure that constitutes the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). On the supply side, the expansionary policies are designed to add flavor to the capacity of production of the economy through labor policies (education, immigration, retirement), capital accumulation, research and development (seeking technological improvements), or promotion of resource availability. Monetary policies lower rates of interest that accompany an increase in money supply hence affecting investment expenditure. A monetary policy would increase the amount of local currency available in the exchange market which will then weaken the rates of exchange with other currencies. Also, the lower rates of interest will make the economy unattractive to investors when compared to other economies which will lead to a capital overflow resulting in the sale of domestic assets and the currency in the exchange market resulting in an ultimate weak currency. A weaker currency makes exports relatively cheaper to foreign buyers hence will stimulate the demand for the local goods while at the same time imports will be more expensive to domestic buyers leading to a reduced demand for imported goods (Pettinger, 2011). This will result in an increase in Net Export expenditure. In times of large deficits in the budget, fiscal policies tend to be missing from the policy maker’s ideologies. These policies are easy to legislate as they are politically popular and supported. Monetary expansionary policies are ineffective and unpredictable compared monetary contractionary (Sloman, 2006). In a case where the wea k economic growth or high level of unemployment worries the Federal Reserve, the policy will react by increasing bank reserves by open market purchase (where the central bank buys or sells government bonds on the open market to manipulate the short term interest rate and supply of base money in an economy) prompting banks to convert their reserves into loans to their customers.  

Literature Review Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Literature Review - Research Paper Example This article lays emphasis on the effects of drug and substance abuse on children, and tells that children may emerge as users. In today’s society, drug use and its impacts have heightened. This norm has been experienced across variable age forms with children gaining increased participation in this exercise. There has been a call to find out the cause of the drug abuse problem among individuals with emphasis placed on the outcome of indulging in the heinous act. Barrett and Veerman stated that children have joined the number of drug users and are affected directly or sometimes may be a third party in the substance abuse act. There is the need to protect children from the substance abuse problem because they constitute the population who constitute the future society. There have been numerous investigations into the cause of mental disorders. Substance disorder has been frontal to causing these complications with a 3.8-11.3%. Via the national surveys, countries have been able to articulate the main cause of mental behaviour. Up to an average of 4 % of the users have the problem to encourage the drug dependency, living with a motive to kill the craving by practising the substance abuse. The society dictates the morals of the members and with the measures it undertakes to curb the spread of drug addiction there will be a similar realization of the impacts of the measure. The paper researches on the link between drug abuse and criminal behaviour. There are several crimes in the society that have been caused by substance abuse and an example is in prostitution. The government policy has been identified as a form of regulation for these drug related crimes. These drugs have the tendency to create a vice within an individual to involve in harmful measures that corrupt societal event. There is a direct link between crime and drugs within the society and regulations to curb drug indulgence would help protect the innocent members. Drug use is often

Tobacco addiction case study

Tobacco addiction case study Nick is a thirty-year-old Caucasian male who recently enrolled in your patient panel. He comes in today because he desires to â€Å"kick the habit† of tobacco use. He had tried to quit before and succeeded twice, only to start up again. He denies any health problems but has a strong family history of COPD and lung cancer. His father died of lung cancer three months ago, and he has been dreaming of him since then. He does not want to end up the same way. Past medical history The patient denies medical problems. He had a vasectomy four years age at his ex-wife’s request, no other surgeries. He has noticed a recurrent morning cough and increased production of mucus over the past two months or so. Medications – none Allergies – none Stage of change – contemplation Diagnosis – tobacco abuse and addiction Patient education Through the use of tobacco, nicotine is one of the most heavily used addictive substances and the leading preventable cause of disease, disability, and death in the United States (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, cigarette smoking accounts for around one of every five deaths in the United States (Center for Disease Control and Prevention). When a person is addicted to a substance, they have a compulsive urge to seek out and use the substance, even when they understand the harmful effects it can have (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). Tobacco products are addictive. With each inhalation of a cigarette the smoker pulls nicotine and other harmful substances into the lungs, where it is absorbed into the blood stream (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). Nicotine is shaped like the natural brain chemical acetylcholine. Acetylcholine is a chemical called a neurotransmitter; this carries messages between the brain cells or neurons (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). Theses brain cells or neurons have specialized proteins called receptors, into which specific neurotransmitters fit. Nicotine locks into acetylcholine receptors. Nicotine attaches to acetylcholine receptors that release a neurotransmitter called dopamine. Dopamine is released normally when a person experiences something pleasurable. Smoking causes neurons (brain cells) to release excess dopamine, which is the cause of feelings of pleasure when smoking (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). This effect wears off quickly, causing the smoker to get the urge to light up another cigarette for another dose of the drug (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). Nicotine is the primary addictive component in tobacco, but it is not the only important ingredient (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). People who smoke have a reduction in the level of an enzyme called monoamine oxidase (MAO) in the brain and body. Lower levels of MAO in the brain may lead to higher dopamine levels and this leads to the reason people continue to smoke and continue to get the pleasurable effects from smoking (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). Long-term use of nicotine products leads to addiction. The way nicotine is absorbed and metabolized by the body enhances its addictive potential (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). Each inhalation brings rapid distribution of nicotine to the brain, but it quickly disappears along with the pleasurable feelings. This triggers the smoker to seek that same pleasurable sensation throughout the day (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). Over the course of the day tolerance develops, requiring more frequent doses or higher doses to get the same effect. Nicotine, heroin, and cocaine have similar effects on the brain (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). Many people who have a nicotine addiction are in denial. They may be social smokers, meaning they only smoke when out with friends, or they believe they can stop when they are ready (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Recognizing the signs of addiction is important for the getting over the addiction. Common signs of addiction include requiring increased use of tobacco to get the same satisfaction, experiencing withdrawal when nicotine levels are low, having the desire to quit but not being able to, experiencing cravings and urges to smoke, and continuing to smoke despite being aware of the health risks (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). The physical symptoms of nicotine addiction are caused by withdrawal. Withdrawal occurs because the brain can no longer naturally produce adequate levels of dopamine. Nicotine withdrawal symptoms include anxiety, frustration, irritability, depression, difficulty concentrating, increased appetite, and weight gain (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). Some of the health risks associated with nicotine use include chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD), lung cancer, asthma, gum disease, mouth and esophageal cancer, heart disease, and stroke. The carcinogens in tobacco products cause abnormal cell growth that can develop into cancer (Brunton, Chabner, Knollman, 2011). Deciding to quit smoking is the first step toward becoming a non-smoker and better health (Center for Disease Control and Prevention). After quitting, the risk of stroke can be reduced to that of a non-smoker in as little as two years after quitting (Center for Disease Control and Prevention). Heart rate and blood pressure return to the non-smoker levels after only two hours of not smoking. The rate of heart disease related to smoking is decreased to fifty percent and the rate of lung cancer is substantially reduced (Center for Disease Control and Prevention). Steps to nicotine abuse and addiction recovery that may help are to set a date to quit; this allows the person to get in the mindset to stop (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Knowing the triggers that make the person want to smoke is another important factor. Some triggers commonly observed that increase the desire to smoke are after a meal, while driving, drinking alcohol, boredom, stress, coffee, and being around other people that smoke (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Having a strong support system is another important factor in quitting. Informing the people around the smoker of the decision to quit may help to support the decision as well as holding the smoker accountable for the goal of quitting. It is easier to stop smoking if the people around support the effort to stop smoking (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). If the smoker is thinking about quitting, or has made the decision to quit, there are several products to help in the process of quitting and prevent many of the withdrawal symptoms. Nicotine replacement is an alternative to stopping cold. Many people find it easier to use a replacement therapy such as the nicotine patch, inhaler, or nicotine gum. This may make the transition easier and more comfortable for the person trying to quit (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Tobacco dependence is a chronic disease that often requires repeated interventions and multiple attempts to quit. Effective treatments exist; however, that can significantly increase the rate of long-term abstinence. Counseling and medications are effective when used by themselves. The combination of counseling and medications, however, is more effective than either alone (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Products designed to help quit tobacco abuse and addiction Bupropion SR treatment should begin one to two weeks before the quit date. The starting dose for tobacco cessation is 150mg orally every morning for three days, then 150mg orally twice daily. This dosage should be continued for seven to twelve weeks. For long-term dosage, use of bupropion SR 150 mg for up to six months post-quit may be used (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Common side effects include insomnia and dry mouth. Insomnia may be addressed by taking the evening pill at least eight hours before bedtime, with at least eight hours between doses (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Nicotine gum is available in both regular and flavored forms. The gum dosage is available in two milligrams and four milligram doses. Smokers should use at least one piece every one to two hours for the first six weeks (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). The gum should be used for up to twelve weeks with no more than twenty-four pieces to be used per day. Common side effects of the gum include mouth soreness, hiccups, dyspepsia, and jaw ache. These effects are generally mild and transient, often caused by the patient’s chewing technique (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). This can be alleviated by correct chewing techniques. The gum should be chewed slowly until taste emerges, then parked between the cheek and gum line to facilitate absorption. The gum should be slowly and intermittently chewed and parked for around thirty minutes or until taste dissipates from the gum (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Nicotine Inhalers- A dose from the nicotine inhaler consists of a puff or inhalation. Each cartridge delivers a total of one milligram of nicotine over eighty inhalations (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Recommended dosage is six to sixteen cartridges per day. Duration of the therapy is up to six months. Side effects include local irritation in the mouth and throat, coughing, and rhinitis. The severity of the irritation is mild and the frequency of symptoms decline with continuous use (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Nicotine lozenges are available in two milligrams and four milligram doses (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Generally, smokers should use at least nine per day in the first six months of therapy, and should be used for up to twelve weeks, with no more than twenty lozenges used per day (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). The two milligram is recommended for smokers that have the first cigarette more than thirty minutes after waking. The four milligram is used for patients that have the first cigarette within thirty minutes of waking (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). The most common side effects include nausea, dry mouth, hiccups, and heart burn. Use of the four milligram lozenges may also cause increased rates of headaches and coughing. The lozenge should be allowed to dissolve in the mouth rather than chewing or swallowing it (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Nasal spray- The nicotine nasal spray produces higher peak nicotine levels than other nicotine replacement therapies (NRT) and has the highest dependency potential (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). A dose of the nasal spray consists of one 0.5 mg dose delivered to each nostril (1mg total). Initial dosing should be one spray per hour, increasing as needed for symptom relief (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Minimum dosage is eight doses daily with a maximum of forty doses per day. Each bottle contains around one hundred doses. Recommended duration of therapy is three to six months (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Patients should not sniff, swallow or inhale through the nose while administering doses, as this increases irritation. The spray is best delivered with the head slightly tilted back. Users report moderate to severe nasal irritation in the first two days of use. Nasal congestion and transient changes to taste and smell are al so reported (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Nicotine patches treatment of eight weeks or less have been shown to be as effective as longer treatment periods (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Patches of different doses are available. Dosing regimens should be based on patient characteristics such as amount smoked and degree of dependence (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). The step down dosage includes four weeks of twenty-one milligram per day patches, then two weeks of the fourteen milligram per day patches, then two weeks of the seven milligram per day patches (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). There is a single dose regimen available in twenty-two and eleven milligram per day patches for other step down regimens. Up to fifty percent of patients using the patch will experience a local skin reaction. These skin reactions are usually mild and self-limiting, but may be worsened during the course of therapy (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Local treatment with a o ne percent hydrocortisone cream or a five percent triamcinolone cream, and rotation of patch sites may ease the skin irritation. Other side effects of the patches include insomnia and vivid or strange dreams. At the start of each day the patient should place a patch in a relatively hairless area, typically between the neck and waist, rotating the site daily to reduce irritation (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). The patch should be applied as soon as the patient wakes on the quit day. If insomnia is a problem, the patient should remove the patch prior to going to bed (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Varenicline is an approved non-nicotine agent for smoking cessation (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). The FDA added a warning regarding the use of this agent. Depressed mood, agitation, changes in behavior, suicidal ideation, and suicide have been reported in patients attempting to quit smoking when using Varenicline (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Any history of psychiatric illness should be discussed before using this medication. Side effects of the medication include nausea, trouble sleeping, and abnormal or vivid dreams (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). The patient should start Varenicline one week before the quit date, with a dose of 0.5 milligram daily for three days followed by 0.5 milligram twice daily for four days, followed by one milligram twice daily for three months. Varenicline is approved for maintenance therapy for up to six months (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). The patient should quit smoking on day eight, when the dosage is increased to one milligram twice daily. To reduce the insomnia problem, the second dose should be taken at dinner time rather than bedtime. To reduce the nausea, the medication should be taken on a full stomach (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Varenicline is a non-nicotine medication. The mechanism of action is due to its partial nicotine receptor agonist and antagonistic effects (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Because Varenicline is eliminated almost entirely unchanged in the urine it should be used with caution in patients with severe renal dysfunction. It is not recommended to be used with other nicotine replacement therapies because of its nicotine antagonistic properties (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). Plan of treatment Patient will be advised that the increased cough and mucus production is related to the use of tobacco products and that once he no longer smokes the frequency of cough and mucus production will decrease as this is related to irritation in the lungs caused by tobacco use. A smoker’s cough is a persistent cough that develops in long-term smokers. At first it may be dry, but over time it usually produces phlegm. The cough is usually worst upon awakening and improves throughout the day. The airways are lined with tiny hair like cells called cilia, which catch toxins in inhaled air and move them upward toward the mouth to be expelled. Smoking paralyzes these cells. Instead of toxins being caught in transit, toxins enter the lungs and create inflammation. This leads to coughing as the lungs attempt to clear these toxins. As the Celia begins to repair themselves during the night and attempt to remove the accumulated substances from the lungs, the result is coughing upon arising. Thi s cough will usually fade as the Celia is allowed to repair themselves from the abstinence of cigarette smoking. Treatment will consist of smoking cessation counseling and support, Varenicline 0.5 mg daily, starting immediately, orally once daily for three days, then 0.5 mg orally twice daily for four days, followed by one mg orally twice daily for three months. Follow up should be in three days to evaluate side effects and patient response. The next follow-up will be dependent on patient progress and response to medication. The patient will be instructed on the community resources for smoking cessation support groups and how to cope with the stress of not smoking and how to manage daily frustrations related to smoking cessation. Dietary counsel will be offered for possible nutrition advice and weight management. The patient will be encouraged to enroll in an exercise program or to increase physical activities during the initial phase of smoking cessation. A chest x-ray will be ordered, at the patient’s convenience, to rule out COPD or other lung issues. References Brunton, L., Chabner, B., Knollman, B. (2011). Goodman Gilmans: The pharmacological basis of therapeutics (12 ed.). McGraw-Hill. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2008). Clinical practice guidelines: Treating tobacco use and dependency. Retrieved from CDC.gov: http://www.bphc.hrsa.gov/buckets/treatingtobacco.pdf Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.). Smoking and tobacco use. Retrieved from Center for disease control and prevention: http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/quit_smoking/how_to_quit/you_can_quit/nicotine

Difficulties of Obtaining a Divorce in Victorian England Essays

Bound in Union: The Difficulties of Obtaining a Divorce in Victorian England Divorce Legislation of the Victorian * 1839: Child Custody Act- Women, if proven innocent of adultery, could obtain custody of their children under seven. (Previously custody had been, without exception, awarded to the father.) * 1857: Matrimonial Causes Act- established regulations for secular divorce, making civil divorce, rather than divorce by act of Parliament, possible. Also outlined grounds for divorce, which differed for men and women, and secured property rights for divorced women. * 1870: Married Women’s Property Act- Allowed women to keep their earnings and inheritance along with small sums of money, though all other property fell to the husband. * 1873: Custody Acts- Women could gain custody of children up to 16 years of age even when adulteresses * 1882: Married Women’s Property Act-Women could keep all property, real and personal acquired before and after marriage. * 1884: Matrimonial Causes Act- Allowed wives of adulterers to immediately petition for a divorce rather than waiting the formerly required two years * 1886: Custody reforms granted mothers automatic custody of children after the death of the father. (Legal Milestones for Women 1832-1928) Divorce rates during the Victorian Period remained significantly lower than those of the present. Only one in ten women divorced once married due to several contributing circumstances (â€Å"Life for Women†). The law, religious doctrine, societal stigma, and the limited financial opportunities available to women all functioned as deterrents to divorce. Yet despite the encumbrances and inequity inherent in Victorian divorce, legislation made significant stride... ...orce in Australia. The beginning of his paper focuses on how Victorian England’s laws affected Australia, and the paper remains throughout intriguing and informative. Works Cited "Life for Women." Victoria's Past. 3 January 2005. 16 Mar. 2005 . Finlay, Henry. "Divorce and the Status of Women." 16 Mar. 2005 . "Legal Milestones for Women 1832-1928." 16 Mar. 2005 . Feinberg, Patricia. "The Divorce Bill." March 2001. Victorians Uncovered. 16 Mar. 2005 . Ziembra, Melissa. "Marriage and Divorce in Victorian England." 16 Mar. 2005 .

Crime Statistics Comparison

Crime statistics endeavour to provide statistical measures of crime in societies. They provide a point of analysis and comparison, allow countries to form long-term patterns and trends and can help to develop and reform criminal justice policies as well as being more meaningful than raw numbers. Using the countries of Bahrain and the United States as a comparison point for the following issues which surround crime statistics such as biases, agendas and general influences like education and religion; this essay will be focused around analysing the statistical factors and wider influences which can allow a country to have low or high crime rates. Crime Definitions Definitions of what exactly constitutes being a crime differ not only across countries but even across states. This can be an issue with statistics as in order to measure and compare crime consistently crimes need to be classified and placed into groups of similar offences. While murder is a crime recognized and agreed upon by most nations, what makes up a homicide may be more challenging and then even simply just a ‘crime against the person’ can vary widely. This often means that what makes up a crime for many offences can vary throughout jurisdictions. This is a problem when categorizing offences for international statistical comparison. An example of this is the way that laws differ state to state within the United States, while ‘offences known to police’ is a statistic seen as quite a high representative figure of the offences, a lot of researches see that no official measure can ever come close to the actual amount of criminality that exists in any form in society (Archer, 1984) Definitional problems are concerned with whether or not crimes have equivalent meanings between nations, which in most cases a lot of crimes seem not to have. Countries most often vary in behaviours which can sometimes be seen as coming within the space of the law. So for any kind of comparison of crime rates to work at all, it is crucial that the definitions of crimes and the categories they are placed in are similar. The next issue with definitions is that even the different organizations that compile crime statistics differ within their own definitions. Interpol for example defines murder as: Any act performed with the purpose of taking human life, excluding abortion but including infanticide (and including attempts). Kalish, 1988) While the World Health Organization (WHO) does not distinguish between intentional or unintentional homicides but does not include attempts under this organization attempts fall under a separate legal distinction(Kalish, 1988). And again, the United Nations have a different definition for homicide: Death purposely inflicted by another person, including infanticide. (Kalish, 1988) Due to major issues with the above topics across all countries, due to definitional and categorical differences, crime statistics can differ significantly. In Bahrain, crimes against the individual are ranked in relation to the seriousness of the offence, murder, attempted murder, murder by error, assault, threatening and others. In the United States, offences are not classed separately, but into broad categories which are homicides, robberies and assaults. Bahrain does not report rape as a single category and in response, no reports of rape have been sent to their criminal investigation unit (Ministry of Information, 1985). Reporting Issues The quality of the way crime is reported is likely to be influenced by a wide range of practices and techniques in different jurisdictions. For example in Bahrain, individual police departments participation in reporting crime rates is compulsory, but neither the numbers of convictions or the final outcome of cases are reported, whereas, local police departments in the United States are under no obligation to report back crime rates from their areas as participation is voluntary (Newman, 1993). Honesty or dishonesty of police who are involved in the collection and compilation process of statistics (Adler, 1983) and the manipulation of the data compiled for political reasons – which will be discussed later – are some other examples of things than can influence the quality of the crime that is reported. In the United States for example, every case involving multiple offences by the same person that are compiled by police, the statistic noted down is only in relation to the most serious offence that has occurred (Reichel, 1994). Underreporting is an influence on the reporting of crime as it affects basically every area and any data that is compiled by police. In many occasions and for many different reasons people do not report offenses they are victims of or that they witness. There is a ‘dark-figure’ of crime in both Bahrain and the United States, there have been no victimisation studies conducted in Bahrain to date, but on the opposite side, the victimisation surveys that have been conducted in the United States show higher crime rates than the Uniform Crime Reporting System shows (Federal Bureau of Investigation, 1981-1987). Another reason there are issues with extremely low or quite high crime rates is the issue of political influences. Police may exaggerate statistics in their areas to draw funding to their area for upgrades and to gain more police numbers, or even down the crime statistics to reflect success of their force, to show the people of the country and the world that they are doing their job correctly and well. The government can also do the above, by altering the statistics, they can create a sense of fear in there people to gain votes through public advertising that they will combat the high rates of crime in certain areas, or downgrade the rates to adhere to international requirements, to attempt to get the country placed on the ‘best of’ lists within international media as a way to gain tourism by showing they are a safe place to visit. Wider Influences: Bahrain is a country which operates on all levels in relation to the teachings of the Qur’an. This makes up the fabric of life for the Bahraini people, the influence of the Islamic religion can be seen in the economic, political and social pathways of life within the culture of the country. In Bahrain, religion is the most important structure. The Islamic religion opposes wrongdoing in all its forms and that any wrongdoing can lead to the downfall of society. The teachings of the Prophet attempt to get rid of all forms of crime before it happens by influencing the individuals who follow the religion. Acts against the law therefore is not only a crime against society in the eyes of Bahraini people it is also a violation of the principles of God. In Bahrain there are even ‘moral police officers’ who regulate the dress and public behaviour of citizens (Helal, 1991). As the Qur’an provides the basis for society, it also provides the base for which laws are made. All laws however have major influence from the Western cultures, apart from marriage, divorce and succession which all fall under the Shari’ah. Souryal, 1988)Therefore religion is a major influence in relation to everything, right down to helping explain the low crime rate in Bahrain. Citizens are able to speak directly to the ruler of Bahrain for a few days each month this allows the people to feel that they are in touch with their government as they are able to voice their concerns directly (Helal, 1991). Therefore crimes against the state are less likely to be committed as people feel as if they play a greater role than just an individual in a wider community. Souryal (1988) has noted in his studies that since firearms, drugs and alcohol are all banned, the opportunity for violence is reduced. Ontop of this, the way the law is applied to Muslim offenders acts as a deterrent to the Bahraini citizens. The penalty for committing a crime is harsher if the offender is Muslim and has committed an offence against a Muslim, the Islamic penal code is also enforced against non-Muslims in the country. Some punishments that can be given out include amputation, stoning, flogging and death which can be executed in public (Moore, 1987). The influence of education within Bahrain is a major factor that can be related back to the low crime rate of the country. Islam religion is tied tightly into the education at all levels in Bahrain, and education is compulsory for all children living in the country also (Helal, 1991). The United States however has a separation between church and state, which is not the case in Bahrain. Within the United States, there is a separation of powers, it is a multicultural society which also makes it multi-faith, to base all laws on just the one religion within the United States would most likely cause more crime rather than decrease the rate. Within the United States alcohol and firearms are legal once of a certain age, therefore the high crime rate within the country can be related back to the availability to things that aid criminal acts and violence. Education within the United States changes in relation to the age of compulsory education, it ranges from between 14 to 18 (State Compulsory Attendance Laws, 2007). Religion is not taught within all schools due to the adversity of religions within each state and the country as a whole. There are schools which focus on specific religions, these however are private schools and advertise that they do these teachings (Religion in Schools, 2004). The major difference between the two countries, other than the rate of crime, Bahrain’s crime rate being quite low compared to the United States, is the issue of religion within not just the country, but as the basis for all the laws and the way the entire community of Bahrain lives their life. In conclusion, there are so many reasons by which crime statistics can be altered due to not only issues with reporting and recording, but definitional issues and wider societal influences. It is not until recently that any one organization has attempted to compile and compare cross-national crime statistics, for this to be done however, organizations need to find a way to combat the above issues outlined. The United Nations have pushed for a standard level of classification of offences and the collection of statistics across continents which would set out minimum standards for the collection, analysis and presentation of the statistics. (Vetere, 1977). This is just one way we can start to remove bias and definitional errors. The true rate of crime is impossible to compare or even start to determine. The amounts of crime reported demonstrate that there is a major difference between the two countries in terms of crime rates. The Islamic religion within Bahrain lays the foundations for life and can be seen woven into critical social areas within the community, all in which can create the basis for crime to become a realty; within Bahrain however, due to the tight influence religion has on one’s conscience, it has the opposite impact (Helal, 1991). The United States has the separation of church and state, therefore fewer values are shared throughout the country, which allows for breaks within society and these can be seen as the basis for crime to be committed, therefore raising the crime rate rather than lowering it. It would be simply ridiculous to implement the way Bahraini society is run into the United States(Helal, 1991). But the influence that the combination of church and state within a country like Bahrain has on the Bahraini people is simply just one way in which can be shown to keep crime rates low.References http://www.edweek.org/ew/issues/religion-in-schools http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0112617.html

Health marketing Positioning and Differentiation

Health marketing Positioning and Differentiation This paper offers an insight on strategic marketing in health care and giving out the information on competitive edge in the health care field. It will highlight the effeteness’ of the strategies used by the two care centers. The approaches include the managed care, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, physician practices and social marketing.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Health marketing: Positioning and Differentiation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Even though, most clients are bombarded with advertising information daily, there’s the only advertising image that makes people to listen; service advertisement from Urgent Care of East Valley, Gilbert. This has taken totally different approach to getting customers attention. Urgent Care of East Valley in Gilbert ignored to use the medical professions and the doctors in adverts. Although, Urgent Care of East Valley in Gilbert is located in an e nvironment where there is a competitive health care market, it has managed to be a regional leader in various issues in the medical field (Pinkovitz, 1997). Just immediately after the facility was opened, the marketing team intensified their campaigns and Urgent Care of East Valley in Gilbert made several approaches to differentiate itself from the heavy marketing advertisement from their competitor. The main aim of the advertisement were to break through the clutter and to present a strong and clear message to the clients; the ad was considered effective and smart meeting the healthcare objective. The campaign team focused their efforts on radio and TV, even though there were some efforts to reach print and outdoor ad as well. The location of the facility gives it an advantage because it is in a strategic position making it easily accessible in all directions. The main location locations are: Gilbert North of Southern, Higley North of Ray Rd, Gilbert South of Queen Creek and Rural North of Guadalupe. There are also other branches being constructed. Apart from this discussion, I will briefly discuss about theories of advertising.Advertising Looking for critical writing on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More With innovation and development in technology, most customers are more informed about products that are available in the market. These customers are also more informed about their needs and their requirement from goods and services. Many companies that produce several products have also come up and they all compete for the attention of a similar market. Advertising has been proposed to have two theories of how it works which are a strong theory and a weak theory. The strong theory of advertising suggests that for advertising to have an impact, an individual has to be persuaded to close the deal for the advertiser by making a purchase while the weak theory suggests that an in dividual is reminded to make a purchase for a particular brand of product. However, advertisements use the same concepts to attract and hook the attention of the consumer and finally, close the deal after the client makes a purchase. This paper will take a look into the different communication models that are utilized in advertising and give an example of a successful advertisement that has been made in the 21st century. The paper will also look at the AIDA Attention Interest Desire and Action advertising model used in the Mac vs. PC model. The critical debate is that, the modes of advertising currently used in the world today have evolved but the concepts that are used are still the same as those that were used a long time ago even before innovation and technology advanced. Even though consumers are more aware of their needs and rights, the concept of persuading and trying to keep consumers loyal to brands remains the same. Urgent Care of East Valley, Gilbert has various physicians who are qualified in various fields like Biology, Zoology, family practices to handle all the needs of the clients. Some of the services provided include; complicated lacerations and abscesses, EKG and X-ray, IV’s and IV medication, blood-work, specialized tests, abdominal pain, headache, severe back pain or other muscular injuries, broken bones, and ingrown nail removals. The facility has pharmacy department that can over various medications that can treat all kinds of infections, coughs and colds, muscular injuries among others making the facility popular (Berkowitz, 2006). To market itself the facility offers its services at a very low price like $ 10 per description; making medication very affordable.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Health marketing: Positioning and Differentiation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More What makes it very unique from its competitor is that the facility can accept in surance through various providers like: Iab, Aetna, Health Choice, University Physichians, Health Choice Generations, Humana-Choice Care, John Alden Health, among other making payments to be very convenient. The other health care center does not accept payment from various insurance companies. Payment can also be made online making it easy and efficient to customers who don’t have insurance or cash (Free Library of Philadelphia, 2011). The Beth Israel Medical Center is located at 245 Fifth Avenue between 27 and 28th Street in New York. The center offers Continuum Health and healing center services to clients. The health care institution offers people the opportunities to educate themselves on health care options that are available and which they are best suited for the conditions that they might have. In this day and age when many people are trying to get healthy through their eating habits and treatment with natural medicine, the facility offers a ‘product’ that is highly needed in the market. Many individuals feel that the illnesses that they have developed are because of chemicals that they have consumed from highly refined foods or from years of taking medication. The notion that the Beth Israel medical center promotes wellness and prevention of diseases means that they target high end and ordinary consumers that are health conscious and act on their consciousness. The New York Beth Israel center is strategically located to be able to treat patients from all over the city. New York has a high population and has many other institutions from which Beth Israel can be able to source its clientele. Beth Israel offers clients education about their health acting as a preventive measure. This has helped them gain popularity especially for patients that might have long term chronic illnesses and they need to manage their diseases (East Valley Urgent Care, 2011).Advertising Looking for critical writing on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The center has been equipped with the latest medical equipment that allows it to be able to offer a wide range of health care services. The center has employed the services of highly qualified specialists from all over the world and trained them on the use of integrative medicine. Integrative medicine incorporates research studies that have been conducted from renowned health organizations such as the Center for Disease Control and the Griffin Hospital in Connecticut. The center also prides itself in being a member of the National Consortium of Academic Medical Centers for Integrative medicine. All these affiliations to internationally known organizations make people know that the kind of health care provided by this organization is of high quality. Most of the individuals that visit the Beth Israel center have private insurance which makes funding more convenient for the institution. Majority of the health care institutions in the country have to deal with individuals that do not h ave insurance and the hospital do not want to turn them away, but they still have to pay their bills. The Beth Israel center in New York emphasizes that it does not focus on price to treat its patients. Some of the integrative treatments that are available are relatively cheap such as homeopathy and it can be performed on patients that have tried other forms of treatment without success. Research has shown that there has been a 70% increase in the number of Americans that have chosen to use integrative medicine. Some of these patients include cancer patients whose diseases have progressed on too much and they have been poor prognoses. Some of these patients opt to spend the last few moments that they have using natural remedies instead of medical procedures such as surgery or chemotherapy. Beth Israel has many clients from diverse backgrounds and with diverse medical issues. Most of the pharmaceutical companies that are available have failed to fund research studies that will lead t o the discovery and use of new medication. The Beth Israel center has therefore collaborated with research institutions all over the country that focus on wide areas of study. Due to the high profits that are available from pharmaceuticals, it is cited that it is the reason that most doctors, pharmacists and other individuals in the healthcare industry recommend manufactured medication. But many individuals especially those that suffer from chronic diseases seek integrated medicine because they feel that these might offer them a chance to get completely healed from their conditions and without performing of evasive procedures or without taxing of their metabolic systems with the removal of toxic chemicals from the body. The Beth Israel center is located in a strategic position where many people from all of New York can be able to access. Many internationally tourists also visit New York and they might decide to try out therapies offered at the center while at the city. This makes th e location of the center vey prime to take advantage of the many clients that might want to take advantage of integrative medicine. The location is in the heart of the city whereby, individuals can walk from their workplaces after a day’s work or they can call in and make appointments while they go at their free time during the day. This is therefore a great strength for the health center and places it ahead of its competitors. While some individuals might have already tried the conventional ‘western’ medication, there are other individuals that feel that taking of their bodies through healthy eating, regular exercising and the use of integrative medicine when they fall ill is the solution to their health problem. The Beth Israel health care institution offers holistic treatment in comparison to the Arizona Urgent Care facility. The Beth Israel Center specializes in offering clients health care services that cater to the whole body offering therapeutic care and e ven offering remedies. References Berkowitz, N. (2006). Essentials of health care marketing (2nd ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett. East Valley Urgent Care. (2011). Web. Free Library of Philadelphia. (2011, March 8). Retrieved from https://libwww.freelibrary.org/locations/parkway-central-library Pinkovitz, R. (1997). Using Lifestyle to Analyze Market Potential. Web.

Shia-Sunni Paper Essays

Shia-Sunni Paper Essays Shia-Sunni Paper Essay Shia-Sunni Paper Essay Shi’a-Sunni relations during and after the reign of Saddam Hussein SOC 300-Sociology of Developing Countries April 24, 2011 Discuss the effects of Saddam Hussein’s government on Shi’a-Sunni relations in Iraq. The Sunni, Shi’a conflict in Iraq (and other parts of the Muslim world) started long before the reign of Saddam Hussein in Iraq, but when Saddam became Prime Minister of the country the conflict between the two religious sects was taken to a new level. As soon as Hussein gained full power, under his control, began years and years of persecution of the Shi’a Muslims in the country. With Saddams newly gained power, he had the full support of the Sunni’s, supporting his long standing hatred of the Shi’a. He then set out to show the nation who was ultimately in control and to rid the nation of any opposition. Shi’ites were persecuted under the Ba’ath party rule. Many Shi’a religious traditions were banned throughout the country, such as the Shi’a Ashoura religious festival, stating â€Å"the last thing he wanted was that many Shi’as together† (www. associatedcontent. com). It is said that every Shia clerical family of note in Iraq had tales of torture and murder to recount. (www. wikipedia. rg) from the years 1979- 1983. Under Saddam’s regime, 48 Shi’a clerics were executed, in Iraq. During his reign, Saddam mercilessly persecuted, tortured and executed several Shi’a leaders and followers alike (www. associatedcontent. com). After the United States beat Iraq in the Gulf War (1990-1991) th e persecution intensified (Handleman, 2011). Saddam believed that the United States under George W. Bush called the Iraqi people to overthrow Hussein and that the United States would support any uprising of the people to overthrow him. This primarily meant the Shi’a in the southern part of the country and the Kurds in the northern part. When U. S. assistance failed to materialize, Shi’a towns all throughout the south were leveled and thousands of Shi’a people massacred. What effect did Saddam’s fall from power have on relations between these two religious communities? After the relentless persecution and torture of the Shi’ites under Saddam’s rule, the Shi’a reveled in his fall from power in 2003. America took down Saddam’s ever ruling Ba’ath party and at the time had the support of the Shi’ites. They favored a peaceful negotiation with the occupying authorities, meanwhile anticipating the new country they would eventually rule. Within a year after Saddam’s fall from power, the Sunni’s were almost waging a full scale war against the Shi’ites. They were using primarily roadside bombs and suicide bombings, directed at major sites throughout crowded Shi’a neighborhoods. This was the start of the Sunni insurgency, 2003. As it stands, this is some of the worst Shi’a-Sunni strife that has ever occurred, since the U. S. invasion of Iraq, it has built up steadily since then and to present, this Sunni-Shi’a revenge cycle, where suicide bombings are often used by the Sunni, the Shi’a favors death squads. On the Shi’a side the militia dominated government death squads were reportedly torturing to death, or executing â€Å"hundreds of Sunni’s† every month in Baghdad alone (www. wikipedia. org). According the BBC, from 2005 to present, the commandos of the Ministry of Interior are controlled by the Badr Organization, the military wing of The Supreme Islamic Iraqi Council (SIIC) and are almost exclusively Shi’a Muslims and have been implicated in killing thousands of Sunni citizens (www. wikipedia. org). What do you feel is likely to happen to Shi’a-Sunni relations after the U. S. and allied troops withdrew from Iraq? When the U. S. completely withdraws from Iraq the Shi’a-Sunni relations, as they stand currently, will continue to deteriorate. The U. S. supported Shi’ites are in place, politically now, but once the U. S. withdraws more civil unrest will rage between the two sects and although the Shi’ite Muslims (around 65% of the population) outnumber the Sunni Muslims (around 32% of the population), I believe it will be a war of who has the strongest backers (for arms, supplies,etc), being other Muslim nations, Al Qaeda, etc. The country will continue to grow more and more unstable and the unrest will continue to escalate. Ultimately who ends up in control, is anyone’s guess. The nation of Iraq could ultimately end up with another leader like Saddam Hussein, or worse. The current Prime Minister al-Maliki is trying to create a stable government based on sectarian aspirations but his level of success as a ruler will ultimately determine whether Iraq is even capable of having a peaceful future (Handleman 2011). References Handleman, Howard (2011). The Challenge of Third World Development (pp. 109-113). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Saddam_hussein http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Shi%27a%E2%80%93Sunni_relations reference. com/browse/sunni newstatesman. com/world-affairs/2007/02/sunni-shia-iraq-iran-arab associatedcontent. com/article/2543561/the_shiasunni_conflict_in_iraq_pg1html? cat=37

Reporting for the Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Reporting for the Media - Essay Example state if extension was granted and the revised Submission Date)    I declare that the work contained in this assignment is my own, except where acknowledgement of sources is made. I authorise the University to test any work submitted by me, using text comparison software, for instances of plagiarism. I understand this will involve the University or its contractor copying my work and storing it on a database to be used in future to test work submitted by others. I understand that I can obtain further information on this matter at http://www.unisanet.unisa.edu.au/learningconnection/student/studying/integrity.asp Note: The attachment of this statement on any electronically submitted assignments will be deemed to have the same authority as a signed statement. Sign (or type name): Vandiappan Thevar Date:14th Feb 2011 Contents Page Part A: Practical Exercise 3 i) News Story 3 ii) â€Å"On-Air† Report 6 Part B: Discussion Paper 8 Appendices 10 Part A: Practical Exercise i) News Sto ry Stanley â€Å"Artgerm†, the Ultramodern Artist Staff reporter: Mr Vandiappan Thevar Finding true talent that can transform the world of media and entertainment is difficult to find. In our recent interview1 with Stanley â€Å"Artgerm† Lau, from Imaginary Friends Studios (I.F.S), new and truly defined talent was found. Our interview took place in the studios in Singapore, a place that is now growing into the arts center of the world and is providing new and innovative support for artists and creative individuals alike. Lau is one of the most well – known cartoonists and comic drawers for Imaginary Friends Studios. His exposure from this company is one that is based on the growing trends in Asia that the community continues to support. Lau prides himself with his artistic approach to comics as well as his interest in creativity that is able to give a message to others who are interested in the up and coming entertainment of the next generation. . Mr. Lau autogr aphing his art piece Lau pointed out that regional artists are community oriented, available to help and are interested in the comics and cartoon field. It is this mentality that allowed him to change from being an artist as a passion to turning it into a career field. This is one option that most would have not recognized 20 years ago, but with young innovators such as Lau, there is a new set of opportunities available to grow into an artist that becomes more than a hobby. Lau stated that the community and opportunity to develop into a career is what has helped to inspire him to move forward with drawing and to feel pushed into bettering his art. He also noted that his creativity is one that he has linked to his desire to make his own discoveries of the outer world and the ability to create symbolism and creativity, while defining innovation through his ideas. This is one of the ways in which the cartoons are able to present new ideas that create trends and new ideals with creativi ty. Even though Lau has noted that there is continuous support from the community, there is also recognition that comics and cartoons create a diverse set of responses from individuals as well as growing competition in the field. The continuing competition is one that makes the critics stronger, specifically in areas such as Singapore. However, there isn’

Effects of ADHD Medication and Student Performance Essay

Effects of ADHD Medication and Student Performance - Essay Example A baseline will be established for each student prior to the study based on the pretests. The study will be conducted for four months during the academic year. This experimental research design utilizes quantitative methodology with a randomized pretest-posttest control group and treatment group. The research will include 60 students from a fourth grade elementary school who will be randomly assigned to either an experimental treatment or control group, consisting of 30 students in each group. Table of Contents Main Body I. Problem to be investigated 4-5 A. Purpose of the study 4 a. Assumptions 4 B. Justification of the study 5 C. Research question and null hypothesis 5 D. Definition of Terms 6 a. Constitutive Definitions 6 b. Operational Definitions 6 E. Brief overview of the study 7 II. Background and review of related literature 8 A. Theory 9 B. Studies directly related 9-10 C. Studies tangentially related 10-11 References 12 Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder or ADHD is a d isorder characterized by lack of attention, hyperactivity, and impulsive behavior (PubMed Health, 2011). Due to these characteristics, children with ADHD have difficulty in school, possibly due to multiple factors. Children with ADHD may be unable to keep up with the lessons due to lack of concentration, or they may be seen as disruptive by their teachers. Consequently, they may be deemed unfit to progress in their schooling and be retained in their current grade, which is something that may have grave consequences on the children’s educational and global development. Parents and teachers must recognize that ADHD is not something to be taken against a child, but a disorder that can be overcome with proper and adequate pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic interventions. Teaching interventions that are more suitable for children with ADHD may help enormously with the children’s proper education and development. Poor outcomes may also be seen in children diagnosed with ADH D who do not receive medication. The goal of this research project is to determine the effectiveness of pharmacologic medication in improving academic outcomes of children diagnosed with ADHD. In the following sections, topics related to the issues discussed above will be addressed. The sections include: the purpose of the study and related assumptions, justification of the study, research question(s) and hypothesis, definition of terms, a brief overview of the study, and a conclusion. Problem to be Investigated The problem to be investigated is determining effective solutions to ensure students diagnosed with ADHD do not suffer academically. Stimulant medication has been suggested as one such solution. Purpose of the Study The purpose of the study is to determine the effectiveness of ADHD stimulant medication on improving the academic achievement of students diagnosed with ADHD. Assumptions The following assumptions will be made during the study: 1. This sample is representative of the population of elementary students. 2. The instrument used will measure the desired outcome of the research study. 3. The predictive information from this study will be used by counselors, teachers and parents. Justification of the Study Children who are diagnosed often exhibit problem behaviors in the classroom such as inattentiveness,